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COTINGIDAE - Cotingas^1,2 (25:65)

PIPREOLINAE

PIPREOLA Swainson, 1838 F - Pipreola chlorolepidota Swainson, 1838; type by monotypy

Pipreola riefferii³ Green-and-black Fruiteater

1 melanolaema P.L. Sclater, 1856 vAndes and Coastal Range of NW and N Venezuela (S Lara to C Táchira; Aragua to Miranda)

1 occidentalis (Chapman, 1914) vW Andes of Colombia and W slope of Andes in Ecuador (south to El Oro)

1 riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840) iSierra de Perijá; Andes of SW Venezuela (W Táchira), C and E Andes of Colombia

1 confusa J.T. Zimmer, 1936⁴ vE slope of Andes of Ecuador and extreme N Peru (W Amazonas)

1 chachapoyas (Hellmayr, 1915) iE slope of Andes of N Peru (Amazonas and San Martín)

2 tallmanorum O'Neill & T.A. Parker, 1981⁵ iMountains of C Peru (E slope of Andes and Cerros del Sira in S Huánuco) [O'Neill, 1981 #2797]

Pipreola intermedia Band-tailed Fruiteater

intermedia Taczanowski, 1884 vE slope of Andes of C Peru (E La Libertad and San Martín to Junín)

signata (Hellmayr, 1917) vE slope of Andes of SE Peru (Cuzco) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Pipreola arcuata Barred Fruiteater

arcuata (Lafresnaye, 1843) vSierra de Perijá; Andes of W Venezuela to C Peru (Pasco)

viridicauda Meyer de Schauensee, 1953 iE slope of Andes of C Peru (Junín) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Pipreola aureopectus⁶ Golden-breasted Fruiteater

decora Bangs, 1899 vSanta Marta Mts. (N Colombia)

aureopectus (Lafresnaye, 1843) iSierra de Perijá; Andes of W Venezuela to NE Colombia (Norte de Santander), W Andes and N end of C Andes of Colombia

festiva (Todd, 1912) vCoastal Range of Venezuela (Carabobo to Aragua)

Pipreola jucunda ⁷ P.L. Sclater, 1860 Orange-breasted Fruiteater

vW slope of W Andes of Colombia (S Chocó) to NW Ecuador (Pichincha)

Pipreola lubomirskii Taczanowski, 1879 Black-chested Fruiteater

iE slope of Andes of S Colombia (Huila) to N Peru (C Amazonas); also on W slope of Andes in N Peru (Zaña valley in W Cajamarca)

Pipreola pulchra (Hellmayr, 1917) Masked Fruiteater

vE slope of Andes of Peru (S Amazonas to Cuzco)

Pipreola frontalis Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater

1 squamipectus (Chapman, 1925)⁸ iE slope of Andes of N Ecuador (W Napo) to N Peru (San Martín)

2 frontalis (P.L. Sclater, 1859) αvE slope of Andes of C Peru (Huánuco) to C Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

Pipreola chlorolepidota ⁹ Swainson, 1838 Fiery-throated Fruiteaterα

vE slope of Andes of S Colombia (SE Cauca, W Caquetá) to C and SE Peru (Pasco; N Puno)

Pipreola formosa Handsome Fruiteater

1 formosa (Hartlaub, 1849) vMountains of N Venezuela (Falcón, Yaracuy, Coastal Range from Carabobo to Miranda)

2 rubidior (Chapman, 1925)¹⁰ vCoastal Range of NE Venezuela (N Anzoátegui, Sucre and N Monagas)

2 pariae W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1949 iMountains of NE Venezuela (Paria Pen.)

Pipreola whitelyi Red-banded Fruiteater

kathleenae J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1944 iTepuis of SE Venezuela (La Gran Sabana, except Mt. Roraima)

whitelyi Salvin & Godman, 1884 iTepuis of SE Venezuela (Mt. Roraima) and adjacent Guyana (Mt. Roraima, Mt. Twek-quay and Mt. Kowa)

AMPELIOIDES J. Verreaux, 1867 M - Ampelioides flavitorques J. Verreaux, 1867; type by monotypy = Cotinga tschudii G.R. Gray, 1846

Ampelioides tschudii (G.R. Gray, 1846) Scaled Fruiteater

iSierra de Perijá; W Andes of Colombia (Antioquia) to Ecuador (Loja), E Andes of Colombia (Norte de Santander) to NW Bolivia (La Paz, Beni)

COTINGINAE - Tribe PHYTOTOMINI

ZARATORNIS Koepcke, 1954 M - Zaratornis stresemanni Koepcke, 1954; type by monotypy ¹¹

Zaratornis stresemanni Koepcke, 1954 White-cheeked Cotinga

iLocally on W slope of Andes of N and C Peru (La Libertad to Ayacucho)

PHYTOTOMA G.I. Molina, 1782 F - Phytotoma rara G.I. Molina, 1782; type by monotypy ¹²

Phytotoma raimondii Taczanowski, 1883 Peruvian Plantcutter

iCoastal NW Peru (Piura to N Lima)

Phytotoma rutila¹³ White-tipped Plantcutter

angustirostris d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 vHighlands of C and S Bolivia (La Paz and W Santa Cruz to Tarija) and N Argentina (Jujuy, NW Salta)

rutila Vieillot, 1818 vW Paraguay, N and E Argentina (south to Río Negro and NE Chubut) and W Uruguay

Phytotoma rara G.I. Molina, 1782 Rufous-tailed Plantcutter

iAndes of C and S Chile (S Atacama to Magallanes) and adjacent Argentina (W Neuquén to W Santa Cruz)

DOLIORNIS Taczanowski, 1874 M - Doliornis sclateri Taczanowski, 1874; type by monotypy ¹⁴

Doliornis remseni Robbins, G.H. Rosenberg & F.S. Molina, 1994 Chestnut-bellied Cotinga

iC Andes of Colombia (Quindío); locally on E slope of Andes of Ecuador (SE Carchi to Zamora-Chichipe) [Robbins, 1994 #3350]

Doliornis sclateri ¹⁵ Taczanowski, 1874 Bay-vented Cotinga

iE slopes of Andes of C Peru (San Martín to Junín)

AMPELION von Tschudi, 1845 M - Ampelis rufaxilla von Tschudi, 1844; type by monotypy

Ampelion rubrocristatus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Red-crested Cotinga

vSanta Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; Andes from W Venezuela to C Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

Ampelion rufaxilla Chestnut-crested Cotinga

antioquiae (Chapman, 1924)¹⁶ iLocally in W and C Andes of Colombia; E slope of Andes of extreme N Ecuador (W Sucumbíos) (?)

rufaxilla (von Tschudi, 1844) iLocally on E slope of Andes of S Ecuador (S Zamora-Chinchipe) to C Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

COTINGINAE - Tribe RUPICOLINI

CARPORNIS G.R. Gray, 1846 F - Ampelis melanocephala Bonaparte; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 147). = Procnias melanocephalus zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820

Carpornis cucullata (Swainson, 1821) Hooded Berryeater

vSE Brazil (C Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul)

Carpornis melanocephala (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820) Black-headed Berryeater

vE Brazil (NE Alagoas; E Bahia to NE Paraná)

PHOENICIRCUS Swainson, 1832 M - Lanius carnifex Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 33).

Phoenicircus carnifex ¹⁷ (Linnaeus, 1758) Guianan Red Cotinga

iSE Venezuela (E Bolívar), the Guianas and NE Amazonian Brazil (west to Manaus and lower R. Tapajós)

Phoenicircus nigricollis Swainson, 1832 Black-necked Red Cotinga

vE Ecuador, NE Peru, SE Colombia, S Venezuela (S Amazonas) and W and C Amazonian Brazil (east to lower R. Negro and lower R. Tapajós)

RUPICOLA Brisson, 1760 M - Rupicola Brisson; type by tautonymy = Pipra rupicola Linnaeus, 1766

Rupicola rupicola ¹⁸ (Linnaeus, 1766) Guianan Cock-of-the-rock

iE Colombia (SE Vichada to Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), the Guianas and N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Negro)

Rupicola peruvianus Andean Cock-of-the-rock

sanguinolentus Gould, 1859 vW Andes of Colombia and NW Ecuador (south to Cotopaxi)

aequatorialis Taczanowski, 1889 vAndes of SW Venezuela (NW Barinas, Táchira), C and E Andes of Colombia and E slope of Andes of Ecuador to N Peru (N San Martín)

peruvianus (Latham, 1790) vE slope of Andes of C Peru (S San Martín to Junín)

saturatus Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1860¹⁹ vE slope of Andes of SE Peru (Cuzco) to W Bolivia (Cochabamba)

SNOWORNIS Prum, 2001 M - Lipaugus subalaris P.L. Sclater, 1861; type by original designation ²⁰

Snowornis subalaris (P.L. Sclater, 1861) Gray-tailed Piha

vLocally on E slope of Andes of S Colombia (Huila) to SE Peru (S Madre de Dios)

Snowornis cryptolophus Olivaceous Piha

mindoensis (Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1914) vW Andes of Colombia (Antioquia) to NW Ecuador (Pichincha)

cryptolophus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1877) vE slope of Andes of S Colombia (Huila) to C Peru (Huánuco)

COTINGINAE - Tribe COTINGINI

HAEMATODERUS Bonaparte, 1854 M - [Haematoderus] militaris Gmelin; type by monotypy = Coracias militaris Shaw, 1792

Haematoderus militaris (Shaw, 1792) Crimson Fruitcrow

vS Venezuela (Serranía de la Neblina); the Guianas and N Brazil (NE Amazonas to Amapá and NE Pará); locally in S Amazonian Brazil (S Amazonas, Rondônia)

QUERULA Vieillot, 1816 F - Piauhau Buffon; type by monotypy = Muscicapa purpurata Statius Muller, 1776

Querula purpurata (Statius Muller, 1776) Purple-throated Fruitcrow

vSE Nicaragua to NC Colombia and NW Ecuador; SE Venezuela, the Guianas and Amazonia (largely absent from Brazil north of R. Amazon)

PYRODERUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M - [Pyroderus] scutatus Latham; type by original designation = Coracias scutata Shaw, 1792

Pyroderus scutatus Red-ruffed Fruitcrow

occidentalis Chapman, 1914 vW Andes and W slope of C Andes of Colombia, W slope of Andes in NW Ecuador (south to Pichincha)

granadensis (Lafresnaye, 1846) vSierra de Perijá; W Coastal Range and Andes of Venezuela, E Andes and E slope of C Andes of Colombia

orenocensis (Lafresnaye, 1846) vE Venezuela (NE Bolívar) and adjacent NW Guyana

masoni Ridgway, 1886 iE slope of Andes in N and C Peru (Amazonas to Pasco)

scutatus (Shaw, 1792) vSE Brazil (Bahia and SE Goiás to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay and NE Argentina (Misiones, Corrientes)

CEPHALOPTERUS E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 M - Cephalopterus ornatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809; type by original designation and monotypy

Cephalopterus glabricollis Gould, 1851 Bare-necked Umbrellabird

vCaribbean slope of Costa Rica to WC Panama (Veraguas)

Cephalopterus ornatus ²¹ E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 Amazonian Umbrellabird

vS Venezuela, SW Guyana and Amazonia (although absent from NE); also E Andean foothills of Colombia to Peru

Cephalopterus penduliger P.L. Sclater, 1859 Long-wattled Umbrellabird

iW slope of Andes and lowlands of SW Colombia (Valle) to SW Ecuador (El Oro)

PERISSOCEPHALUS Oberholser, 1899 M - Corvus calvus J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by original designation = Corvus tricolor Statius Muller, 1776

Perissocephalus tricolor (Statius Muller, 1776) Capuchinbird

iE Colombia (E Vaupés), S and SE Venezuela, the Guianas and N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Negro)

COTINGA Brisson, 1760 F - Cotinga Brisson; type by tautonymy = Ampelis cotinga Linnaeus, 1766

Cotinga amabilis Gould, 1857 Lovely Cotinga

vCaribbean slope of SE Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca, N Chiapas) to SE Costa Rica

Cotinga ridgwayi Ridgway, 1887 Turquoise Cotinga

iPacific slope of Costa Rica (Golfo de Nicoya) to W Panama (W Chiriquí)

Cotinga nattererii (Boissonneau, 1840) Blue Cotinga

iC Panama (E Colón, Panamá) to NC and W Colombia and NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas); W Venezuela (NW Táchira, Mérida)

Cotinga maynana (Linnaeus, 1766) Plum-throated Cotinga

vSE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia (south to Beni and N La Paz) and W Amazonian Brazil (east to lower R. Negro and lower R. Madeira)

Cotinga cotinga ²² (Linnaeus, 1766) Purple-breasted Cotinga

iE Colombia, S and E Venezuela, the Guianas, N and E Amazonian Brazil; also locally in NE Peru (Loreto, San Martín) and S Amazonian Brazil (Rondônia)

Cotinga maculata (Statius Muller, 1776) Banded Cotinga

vCoastal E Brazil (SE Bahia and N Espírito Santo)

Cotinga cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) Spangled Cotinga

vE Colombia, S and E Venezuela, the Guianas and Amazonia

LIPAUGUS Boie, 1828 M - Muscicapa plumbea M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 29). = Muscicapa vociferans zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820

Lipaugus weberi Cuervo, Salaman, Donegan & Ochoa, 2001 Chestnut-capped Piha

iC Andes of NC Colombia (east of Nechí Valley in C Antioquia) [Cuervo, 2001 #1101]

Lipaugus fuscocinereus ²³ (Lafresnaye, 1843) Dusky Piha

vE, C and N end of W Andes of Colombia, E slope of Andes in Ecuador and extreme N Peru (Cerro Chinguela)

Lipaugus uropygialis ²⁴ (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) Scimitar-winged Piha

vE slope of Andes of SE Peru (E Puno) to W Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Lipaugus unirufus Rufous Piha

unirufus P.L. Sclater, 1860 αvCaribbean slope of SE Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca, N Chiapas) to Panama, NC and W Colombia (east to Santander and south to Valle)

castaneotinctus (E. Hartert, 1902) vSW Colombia (Cauca) to NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas)

Lipaugus vociferans ²⁵ (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820) Screaming Piha

iS and E Venezuela, the Guianas and Amazonia; E Brazil (Pernambuco to C Espírito Santo)

Lipaugus lanioides (Lesson, 1844) Cinnamon-vented Piha

iSE Brazil (SE Bahia, C and NE Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to NE Santa Catarina)

Lipaugus streptophorus (Salvin & Godman, 1884) Rose-collared Piha

vTepuis of SE Venezuela (SE Bolívar) and adjacent N Brazil (Mt. Roraima, Serra Uei) and extreme SW Guyana

TIJUCA Férussac, 1829 F - Tijuca atra Lesson; type by monotypy = Tijuca atra Férussac, 1829

Tijuca atra Férussac, 1829 Black-and-gold Cotinga

vMountains of SE Brazil (extreme E São Paulo, extreme S Minas Gerais and SW Rio de Janeiro)

Tijuca condita Snow, 1980 Gray-winged Cotinga

vMountains of SE Brazil (Serra dos Orgãos and Serra do Tinguá in C Rio de Janeiro) [Snow, 1980 #3673]

PROCNIAS Illiger, 1811 M - Ampelis variegata J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 34). = Ampelis averano Hermann, 1783

Procnias tricarunculatus (J. & E. Verreaux, 1853) Three-wattled Bellbird

vMountains of E Honduras (Sierra de Agalta) and NC Nicaragua; Costa Rica to WC Panama (Azuero Pen.) >> adjacent lowlands

Procnias albus White Bellbird

albus (Hermann, 1783) vS and E Venezuela (S Amazonas, S and E Bolívar), the Guianas and adjacent N Brazil (N Roraima and N Pará)

wallacei Oren & Novaes, 1985 iE Amazonian Brazil (Serra dos Carajás in E Pará) [Oren, 1985 #2869]

Procnias averano Bearded Bellbird

carnobarba (Cuvier, 1816)²⁶ αiN end of Sierra de Perijá; locally in Coastal Range of Venezuela; tepuis of S and SE Venezuela, N Brazil (N Roraima) and adjacent W Guyana; Trinidad

averano (Hermann, 1783) iNE Brazil (S Maranhão and Ceará to Alagoas)

Procnias nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817) Bare-throated Bellbird

vE Brazil (E Pernambuco, E Alagoas; SE Bahia to E Mato Grosso do Sul and NE Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay and NE Argentina (Misiones)

PORPHYROLAEMA Bonaparte, 1854 F - Cotinga porphyrolaema Deville & P.L. Sclater, 1852; type by monotypy and tautonymy

Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema (Deville & P.L. Sclater, 1852) Purple-throated Cotinga

vS Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, NW Bolivia (La Paz) and W Amazonian Brazil (east to R. Negro and N Mato Grosso)

CARPODECTES Salvin, 1865 M - Carpodectes nitidus Salvin, 1865; type by original designation

Carpodectes hopkei von Berlepsch, 1897 Black-tipped Cotinga

iSE Panama (Darién), W Colombia and NW Ecuador (south to Pichincha)

Carpodectes antoniae Ridgway, 1884 Yellow-billed Cotinga

iPacific slope of NW Costa Rica (S Golfo de Nicoya) to WC Panama (Veraguas)

Carpodectes nitidus ²⁷ Salvin, 1865 Snowy Cotinga

vCaribbean slope from NW Honduras to extreme W Panama (Bocas del Toro)

XIPHOLENA Gloger, 1841 F - Ampelis pompadora Linnaeus, 1766 ; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 56). = Turdus puniceus Pallas, 1764

Xipholena punicea ²⁸ (Pallas, 1764) Pompadour Cotinga

vE Colombia, S and E Venezuela, the Guianas, N and C Amazonian Brazil, NE Peru (Loreto) and NE Bolivia

Xipholena lamellipennis (Lafresnaye, 1839) White-tailed Cotinga

vE Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, west to lower R. Tapajós)

Xipholena atropurpurea (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820) White-winged Cotinga

vCoastal E Brazil (Paraíba to N Rio de Janeiro)

GYMNODERUS E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 M - Corvus nudus J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by original designation = Gracula foetida Linnaeus, 1758

Gymnoderus foetidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bare-necked Fruitcrow

vS Venezuela (NW Bolívar, W and C Amazonas), the Guianas and Amazonia (absent from NW)

CONIOPTILON Lowery & O'Neill, 1966 N - Conioptilon mcilhennyi Lowery & O'Neill, 1966; type by monotypy

Conioptilon mcilhennyi Lowery & O'Neill, 1966 Black-faced Cotinga

iSE Peru (S Ucayali, NE Cuzco, Madre de Dios), adjacent SW Brazil (Acre) and NW Bolivia (Pando)

GENUS INCERTAE SEDIS

PHIBALURA Vieillot, 1816 F - Phibalura flavirostris Vieillot, 1816; type by monotypy ²⁹

Phibalura flavirostris Swallow-tailed Cotinga

1 flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 vSE Brazil (C Bahia; S Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay and NE Argentina (Misiones)

2 boliviana Chapman, 1930³⁰ vE slope of Andes of NW Bolivia (area around Apolo in N La Paz)

1 Sequence of genera adapted from Ohlson et al. (2007) [Ohlson, 2007 #9993] and Tello et al. (2009) [Tello, 2009 #12002].

2 See the Tityridae for what was the cotingid subfamily Tityrinae in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].

3 Considered to form a superspecies with P. intermedia by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

4 Doubtfully distinct from chachapoyas; see O'Neill & Parker (1981) [O'Neill, 1981 #2797].

5 May deserve species rank; see O'Neill & Parker (1981) [O'Neill, 1981 #2797] and Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195].

6 Considered to form a superspecies with P. jacunda, P. lubomirskii and P. pulchra by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

7 For treatment of P. jucunda, P. lubomirskii and P. pulchra as separate species from P. aureopectus; see Snow (1982, 2004) [Snow, 1982 #15085], [Snow, 2004 #12195].

8 May deserve species rank; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195].

9 Considered to form a superspecies with P. frontalis by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672].

10 May merit treatment, along with pariae, as a separate species; see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477] and Kirwan & Green (2011) [Kirwan, 2011 #14497].

11 Some authors, e.g., Snow (1973, 1979) [Snow, 1973 #11195], [Snow, 1979 #3672], Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] have merged Doliornis into Ampelion; for continued separation from Ampelion, see Lanyon & Lanyon (1989) [Lanyon, 1989 #2327], Robbins et al. (1994) [Robbins, 1994 #3350], Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195], and Ohlson et al. (2007) [Ohlson, 2007 #9993].

12 Formerly treated in a separate family, Phytotomidae; for reasons to treat this genus in the Cotingidae see Lanyon & Lanyon (1989) [Lanyon, 1989 #2327], Sibley & Ahlquist (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Prum et al. (2000) [Prum, 2000 #3167], Johansson et al. (2003) [Johansson, 2003 #2122], Chesser (2004) [Chesser, 2004 #744], Ohlson et al. (2007) [Ohlson, 2007 #9993], and Tello et al. (2009) [Tello, 2009 #12002].

13 Forms a superspecies with P. raimondii; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195].

14 Some authors, e.g., Snow (1973, 1979) [Snow, 1973 #11195], [Snow, 1979 #3672], Fjeldsä & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldsä, 1990 #1570] have merged Doliornis into Ampelion; for continued separation from Ampelion, see Lanyon & Lanyon (1989) [Lanyon, 1989 #2327], Robbins et al. (1994) [Robbins, 1994 #3350], Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195], and Ohlson et al. (2007) [Ohlson, 2007 #9993].

15 Forms a superspecies with D. remseni; see Robbins et al. (1994) [Robbins, 1994 #3350].

16 Doubtfully diagnosable; see Kirwan & Green (2011) [Kirwan, 2011 #14497].

17 Forms a superspecies with P. nigricollis; see Haffer (1974) [Haffer, 1974 #1870], Snow (1979, 2004) [Snow, 1979 #3672], [Snow, 2004 #12195] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

18 Considered to form a superspecies with R. peruvianus by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672] and Haffer (1987) [Haffer, 1987 #13890].

19 For best date to use see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

20 For recognition of this genus see Prum et al. (2000) [Prum, 2000 #3167], Prum (2001) [Prum, 2001 #3168], Ohlson et al. (2007, 2013) [Ohlson, 2007 #9993], [Ohlson, 2013 #14349] and Tello et al. (2009) [Tello, 2009 #12002].

21 Considered to form a superspecies with C. glabricollis and C. penduliger by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

22 Forms a superspecies with C. amabilis, C. ridgwayi, C. nattererii, C. maynana and C. maculata; see Haffer (1974) [Haffer, 1974 #1870], A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195].

23 Presumably forms a superspecies with L. uropygialis; see Remsen (1984) [Remsen, 1984 #14918].

24 Formerly, e.g. by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672], treated in a monotypic genus, Chirocylla, but see Remsen et al. (1982) [Remsen, 1982 #14917], Prum (2001) [Prum, 2001 #3168] and Cuervo et al. (2001) [Cuervo, 2001 #1101] for merger into Lipaugus.

25 Considered to form a superspecies with L. unirufus by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672].

26 Given as 1817 by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672], but see Browning & Monroe (1991) [Browning, 1991 #542].

27 Considered to form a superspecies with C. hopkei and C. antoniae by Snow (1979) [Snow, 1979 #3672].

28 Considered to form a superspecies with X. lamellipennis and X. atropurpurea by Snow (1979, 2004) [Snow, 1979 #3672], [Snow, 2004 #12195].

29 Provisionally placed by Ohlson et al. (2013) [Ohlson, 2013 #14349] in the subfamily Phytotominae.

30 May deserve treatment as a separate species; see Snow (2004) [Snow, 2004 #12195] and Hennessey (2011) [Hennessey, 2011 #12859].