H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics

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ICTERIDAE - New World Blackbirds¹ (31:105)

ICTERIINAE

ICTERIA Vieillot, 1807 F - Icteria dumicola Vieillot, 1807; type by monotypy = Turdus virens Linnaeus, 1758 ^2,3

Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat

auricollis (Deppe, 1830) vSW Canada (S British Columbia, Saskatchewan), W USA, C Mexico >> Guatemala

virens (Linnaeus, 1758)⁴ iSE Canada (SE Ontario), E USA (North Dakota, S Great Lakes to Texas, N Florida), NE Mexico >> Panama

ICTERINAE

XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte, 1850 M - Psarocolius perspicillatus Wagler, 1829; type by monotypy and tautonymy = Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, 1826 ⁵

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte, 1826) Yellow-headed Blackbird

vS Canada (British Columbia to Manitoba), W USA (California to Michigan), N Mexico (N Baja California)

DOLICHONYX Swainson, 1827 M - Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, 1758; type by monotypy ⁶

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bobolink

vS Canada to N USA (Oregon to Virginia) >> C South America (south to N Argentina)

STURNELLA Vieillot, 1816 F - Stourne, ou Merle à fer-à-cheval Buffon; type by monotypy = Alauda magna Linnaeus, 1758

Sturnella magna⁷ Eastern Meadowlark

1 magna (Linnaeus, 1758) vSE Canada (from S Ontario) E USA (Minnesota, Maine to Texas, North Carolina)

1 argutula Bangs, 1899 vS USA (South Carolina to E Texas, Florida)

1 hippocrepis (Wagler, 1832) iCuba, including Isla de la Juventud

2 lilianae Oberholser, 1930⁸ iSW USA (C Arizona to W Texas), NW Mexico (N Sonora, C Chihuahua)

1 hoopesi Stone, 1897 iS USA (S Texas), NE Mexico (N Tamaulipas)

1 auropectoralis G.B. Saunders, 1934 vC Mexico (highlands from Sinaloa to México and coastal Nayarit)

1 saundersi Dickerman & A.R. Phillips, 1970⁹ iS Mexico (Pacific lowlands of SE Oaxaca) [Dickerman, 1970 #1327]

1 alticola Nelson, 1900 iHighlands of S Mexico (Chiapas) to Costa Rica

1 mexicana P.L. Sclater, 1861 vE Mexico (coastal N Veracruz) to Guatemala (Petén)

1 griscomi Van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 iSE Mexico (coast of N Yucatán)

1 inexspectata Ridgway, 1888¹⁰ δvHonduras, NE Nicaragua

1 subulata Griscom, 1934 vPanama (Pacific slope)

1 meridionalis P.L. Sclater, 1861 vNE Colombia (Andes of Santander, Cundinamarca), NW Venezuela (Trujillo)

1 paralios Bangs, 1901 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts. to W base of E Andes), S Venezuela (SE Bolívar)

1 praticola C. Chubb, 1921 iE Colombia (Meta, Vichada), SE Venezuela (Mt. Roraima), the Guianas

1 monticola C. Chubb, 1921^11,12 Highlands of S Venezuela (Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil (Roraima, Amapá)

Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark

neglecta Audubon, 1844 vSW Canada, W USA (to W Iowa, except Pacific slope of Cascade Mts.), NW Mexico (to Guanajuato) >> Gulf Coast¹³

confluenta Rathbun, 1917¹⁴ vPacific slope west of Cascade Mts., in SW Canada (SW British Columbia), W USA (SW Washington to Oregon)

LEISTES Vigors, 1825 M - Oriolus americanus J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by original designation = Emberiza militaris Linnaeus, 1758^15,16,17

Leistes militaris ¹⁸ (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-breasted Blackbird

vCentral America (from SE Nicaragua) to N South America south to NE Bolivia (Pando, Beni)

Leistes superciliaris ^19,20 (Bonaparte, 1850) White-browed Blackbirdα

vSE Peru, E Bolivia, C and E Brazil, Paraguay, N and C Argentina, Uruguay

Leistes bellicosus²¹ Peruvian Meadowlark

bellicosus (de Filippi, 1847) vSW Colombia (Nariño) to C Peru (to Junín)

albipes R.A. Philippi, Sr. & Landbeck, 1861 iPacific slope of Andes of SW Peru (south of Ica) to N Chile

Leistes defilippii ^22,23 (Bonaparte, 1850) Pampas Meadowlarkα

C and E Argentina (La Pampa, Río Negro, Buenos Aires), N Uruguay

Leistes loyca Long-tailed Meadowlark

loyca (G.I. Molina, 1782)²⁴ iS Chile (from S Atacama), C and S Argentina (from Córdoba) [Molina, 1782 #2697]

catamarcanus (Zotta, 1937) vNW Argentina (Jujuy to La Rioja)

obscurus (Nores & Yzurieta, 1979)²⁵ vC Argentina (Córdoba, San Luis) [Nores, 1979 #2776]

falklandicus (Leverkühn, 1889) vFalkland Is.

AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis, 1851 M - Amblyramphus prevostii Lesson, 1831; type by original designation = Sturnus holosericeus Deppe, 1830 ²⁶

Amblycercus holosericeus^27,28 Yellow-billed Cacique

1 holosericeus (Deppe, 1830) vE Mexico (S Tamaulipas) to NW Colombia (to Sucre)

1 flavirostris Chapman, 1915 vPacific lowlands of W Colombia (Chocó) to NW Peru (Tumbes)

2 australis Chapman, 1919 vN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts., Sierra de Perijá), NC Venezuela; Andes of SW Venezuela to C Bolivia

CASSICULUS Swainson, 1827 M - Cassiculus coronatus Swainson, 1827; type by monotypy = Icterus melanicterus Bonaparte, 1825²⁹

Cassiculus melanicterus (Bonaparte, 1825) Yellow-winged Cacique

Pacific slope of W Mexico (Sonora to Chiapas), S Guatemala, El Salvador

PSAROCOLIUS Wagler, 1827 M - Oriolus cristatus J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 68). = Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, 1769³⁰

Psarocolius wagleri³¹ Chestnut-headed Oropendola

wagleri (G.R. Gray, 1844)³² αiSE Mexico (Veracruz, N Oaxaca) to NE Nicaragua, on Atlantic slope

ridgwayi (van Rossem, 1934) iE Nicaragua to W Colombia, W Ecuador (to Manabí)

Psarocolius atrovirens (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Dusky-green Oropendola

iE slope of Andes from C Peru (Huánuco) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz)

Psarocolius angustifrons³³ Russet-backed Oropendola

salmoni (P.L. Sclater, 1883) iC Colombia (on both slopes of W and C Andes)

atrocastaneus (Cabanis, 1873) vW Ecuador

sincipitalis (Cabanis, 1873) vNC Colombia (W slope of E Andes, head of Magdalena valley)

neglectus (Chapman, 1914) vE Colombia (E slope of E Andes, Sierra de Perijá), W Venezuela (W Andes in Lara to Táchira)

oleagineus (P.L. Sclater, 1883)³⁴ vNC Venezuela (coastal mountains from Carabobo to Miranda, mountains of Aragua)

angustifrons (von Spix, 1824) iFoothills of E Andes of Colombia (from Meta), E Ecuador, NE Peru (to R. Ucayali), W Brazil (to R. Purus)

alfredi (Des Murs, 1856) iE slopes of Andes of SE Ecuador, E Peru, E Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz)

Psarocolius decumanus Crested Oropendola

melanterus (Todd, 1917) vPanama, Colombia (west of E Andes)

insularis (Dalmas, 1900) vTrinidad, Tobago

decumanus (Pallas, 1769) iEast of Andes in Colombia to N Peru (R. Huallaga), Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (to R. Amazon)

maculosus (Chapman, 1920)³⁵ vE Peru to Paraguay, N Argentina (Salta to Misiones), E Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo)

Psarocolius viridis (Statius Muller, 1776) Green Oropendola

vSE Bolivia (Vichada to Amazonas), Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil (Amazonas), E Ecuador to E Bolivia

Psarocolius bifasciatus^36,37 Olive Oropendola

1 yuracares (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838)³⁸ iE of Andes in S Colombia, S Venezuela to Peru, W Brazil (east to R. Negro, R. Madeira) to E Bolivia

1 neivae (E. Snethlage, 1925)³⁹ iC Brazil (S Pará between R. Tapajós and R. Tocantins, to N Goiás and Mato Grosso)

2 bifasciatus (von Spix, 1824) vE Brazil (south of R. Amazon, from R. Tocantins east to Maranhão)

Psarocolius montezuma ⁴⁰ (Lesson, 1830) Montezuma Oropendola

iE Mexico (Atlantic slope from San Luis Potosí to Quintana Roo), Caribbean slope from Belize to W Panama

Psarocolius guatimozinus (Bonaparte, 1853) Black Oropendola

vE Panama (Panamá, Darién), W Colombia (Chocó, Antioquia, Caldas)

Psarocolius cassini (Richmond, 1898) Baudo Oropendola

iCoastal W Colombia (Chocó to Valle)

PROCACICUS Fraga, 2005 M - Cassicus solitarius Vieillot, 1816; type by monotypy

Procacicus solitarius ⁴¹ (Vieillot, 1816) Solitary Cacique

vAmazonia from S Venezuela to E Peru, Brazil to E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina (Santa Fé), W Uruguay

CACICUS Lacépède, 1799 M - Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus, 1766; type by subsequent monotypy (Zimmer, 1930, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 17, no. 7, p. 434). ⁴²

Cacicus chrysopterus ⁴³ (Vigors, 1825) Golden-winged Cacique

vE Bolivia (Santa Cruz), S Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro), N Argentina, NW Uruguay

Cacicus koepckeae Lowery & O'Neill, 1965 Selva Cacique

iE Peru (Ucayali, Cuzco, Madre de Dios), W Brazil (Acre)

Cacicus sclateri (A.J.C. Dubois, 1887) Ecuadorian Cacique

iS Colombia (from Meta), E Ecuador, N Peru (Loreto)

Cacicus cela⁴⁴ Yellow-rumped Cacique

1 vitellinus Lawrence, 1864 vC Panama to N and C Colombia (Santa Marta to Tolima)

1 flavicrissus (P.L. Sclater, 1860) iW Ecuador, NW Peru (Tumbes)

2 cela (Linnaeus, 1758) iE of Andes from Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad to C Bolivia (Santa Cruz), S Brazil

Cacicus uropygialis⁴⁵ Scarlet-rumped Cacique/Subtropical Cacique

1 microrhynchus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1865)⁴⁶ αvCaribbean lowlands of E Honduras to E Panama (Comarca Guna Yala)

2 pacificus Chapman, 1915 vE Panama (Darién), W Colombia (Chocó), SW Ecuador (to El Oro)

3 uropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843 vW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá, Táchira), Colombia, Peru (E slope of Andes), NW Bolivia (La Paz)

Cacicus chrysonotus⁴⁷ Mountain Cacique

1 leucoramphus (Bonaparte, 1845)^48,49 αvW Venezuela (Táchira), Colombia to SE Ecuador (Loja)

1 peruvianus J.T. Zimmer, 1924 vE slope of Andes of Peru (Amazonas to Junín)

2 chrysonotus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 vAndes of C Peru (Junín) to C Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

Cacicus latirostris ⁵⁰ Swainson, 1838 Band-tailed Oropendola

vNE Ecuador, NE Peru (Loreto, Ucayali), W Brazil (SW Amazonas, W Acre)

Cacicus oseryi ⁵¹ Deville, 1849 Casqued Oropendola

E Ecuador (Sucumbíos), SE Colombia (Amazonas) to E Peru (Cuzco, Madre de Dios), W Brazil, N Bolivia

Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique

haemorrhous (Linnaeus, 1766) E Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas to E Ecuador, N Brazil (Roraima)

pachyrhynchus von Berlepsch, 1889^52,53 vBrazil (Amazonas to Pará, Rondônia to Mato Grosso), E Peru, N Bolivia [von Berlepsch, 1889 #4041]

affinis Swainson, 1834 vE Brazil (S Tocantins to Pernambuco south to Santa Catarina), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Corrientes)

ICTERUS Brisson, 1760 M - Icterus Brisson; type by tautonymy = Oriolus icterus Linnaeus, 1766 ⁵⁴

Icterus parisorum Bonaparte, 1838 Scott's Oriole

iSW USA (S California to Texas), W and C Mexico (to S Baja California, Oaxaca) >> Mexico

Icterus chrysater Yellow-backed Oriole

chrysater (Lesson, 1844) vS Mexico (S Veracruz, C and S Yucatan Pen., Chiapas) to N Nicaragua

mayensis van Rossem, 1938 vSE Mexico (N Yucatan Pen.)

giraudii Cassin, 1848⁵⁵ iPanama (on both coasts), W, N and C Colombia, N Venezuela (Miranda), NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas)

Icterus graduacauda Audubon's Oriole

audubonii Giraud, 1841 iS USA (S Texas), N Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas)

nayaritensis van Rossem, 1938 vWC Mexico (Nayarit, W Jalisco)

dickeyae van Rossem, 1938⁵⁶ iSW Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental in Guerrero, Oaxaca)

graduacauda Lesson, 1839 iE Mexico (San Luis Potosí to NW Veracruz)

Icterus leucopteryx Jamaican Oriole

lawrencii Cory, 1887 iIsla de San Andrés (W Caribbean)

†? bairdi Cory, 1886 iGrand Cayman (Cayman Is.)

leucopteryx (Wagler, 1827) iJamaica

Icterus auratus ⁵⁷ Bonaparte, 1850 Orange Oriole

vSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen.), NE Belize; Isla Mujeres, off NE Quintana Roo

Icterus gularis Altamira Oriole

mentalis Lesson, 1831^58,59 vS USA (S Texas), S and E Mexico (to Yucatan Pen., S Chiapas), Guatemala, Belize

gularis (Wagler, 1829)⁶⁰ vPacific lowlands of S Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas), Guatemala to W Nicaragua

flavescens A.R. Phillips, 1966 iSW Mexico (Guerrero)

Icterus nigrogularis Yellow Oriole

nigrogularis (Hahn, 1819) vColombia (Caribbean region; Meta, Vichada), N Venezuela (north of R. Orinoco), the Guianas, N Brazil

curasoensis Ridgway, 1884 vNetherlands Antilles (Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire)

helioeides A.H. Clark, 1902 iIsla de Margarita (off N Venezuela)

trinitatis E. Hartert, 1913⁶¹ αiNE Venezuela (Paria Pen.), Trinidad

Icterus bullockiorum ^62,63,64,65 (Swainson, 1827) Bullock's Oriole

iSW Canada, W USA (east to SW North Dakota), N Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila) >> NW Costa Rica

Icterus pustulatus⁶⁶ Streak-backed Oriole

1 graysonii Cassin, 1867 iIslas Marías (off W Mexico)

2 microstictus Griscom, 1934⁶⁷ vW Mexico (Sonora, W Chihuahua to Jalisco)

2 pustulatus (Wagler, 1829)⁶⁸ vS Mexico (Colima to Puebla, W Veracruz, N Oaxaca) [Wagler, 1829 #10304]

3 formosus Lawrence, 1872⁶⁹ vS Mexico (S Oaxaca, Chiapas), NW Guatemala

3 alticola W. deW. Miller & Griscom, 1925 iGuatemala, W Honduras

3 pustuloides van Rossem, 1927⁷⁰ iEl Salvador (Volcán San Miguel) [van Rossem, 1927 #3921]

3 sclateri Cassin, 1867 iPacific coast from El Salvador to NW Costa Rica

3 maximus Griscom, 1930⁷¹ vNC Guatemala (R. Negro valley) [Griscom, 1930 #1824]

Icterus abeillei ⁷² (Lesson, 1839) Black-backed Oriole

iC Mexico (Durango, Nuevo León to Michoacán, Veracruz) >> to Oaxaca

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus, 1758) Baltimore Oriole

iEast of Rocky Mts. in S Canada, C and E USA (south to C Texas, N Georgia) >> to Colombia, Venezuela

Icterus mesomelas Yellow-tailed Oriole

mesomelas (Wagler, 1829) iS Mexico (Veracruz) to Honduras

salvinii Cassin, 1867 iNicaragua to W Panama (Caribbean lowlands)

carrikeri Todd, 1917 iE Panama (east from C Panamá) to N and W Colombia, NW Venezuela (Zulia, Mérida, Táchira)

taczanowskii Ridgway, 1901 iCoastal W Ecuador, NW Peru (Tumbes; upper Marañón valley)

Icterus pectoralis Spot-breasted Oriole

carolynae Dickerman, 1981⁷³ iS Mexico (Pacific slope of Guerrero, Oaxaca) [Dickerman, 1981 #1334]

pectoralis (Wagler, 1829) vS Mexico (E Oaxaca, C Chiapas)

guttulatus Lafresnaye, 1844⁷⁴ vS Mexico (Chiapas) to NW Nicaragua [Lafresnaye, 1844 #2308]

espinachi Ridgway, 1882 iSW Nicaragua (Rivas), NW Costa Rica (Guanacaste)

Icterus graceannae Cassin, 1867 White-edged Oriole

iCoastal Ecuador (from Manabí) to W Peru (to La Libertad)

Icterus jamacaii ^75,76 (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Campo Troupialδ

E Brazil (Maranhão, Tocantins to Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, south to N Minas Gerais)

Icterus icterus⁷⁷ Venezuelan Troupial

ridgwayi (E. Hartert, 1902) iN Colombia (Guajira), N Venezuela (to Sucre, Isla de Margarita); Aruba, Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles)

icterus (Linnaeus, 1766) iN and C Venezuela (Carabobo, W Apure to S Monagas, N Bolívar)⁷⁸

metae W.H. Phelps, Jr. & Aveledo, 1966 iW Venezuela (S Apure), NE Colombia (Arauca, Vichada)

Icterus croconotus⁷⁹ Orange-backed Troupial

croconotus (Wagler, 1829) S Guyana, N Brazil (Roraima); SE Colombia to E Peru, Brazil (south of Amazon to Pará) to NW Bolivia

strictifrons Todd, 1924⁸⁰ E Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz) to C Brazil (Mato Grosso), south to N Argentina (Salta, Formosa, Chaco)

Icterus maculialatus Cassin, 1848 Bar-winged Oriole

vPacific slope of S Mexico (E Oaxaca, Chiapas), C Guatemala, N El Salvador

Icterus wagleri Black-vented Oriole

castaneopectus Brewster, 1888 iNW Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, W Chihuahua)

wagleri P.L. Sclater, 1857 iHighlands of W and S Mexico (from Coahuila to Chiapas), mountains of Guatemala to W Nicaragua

Icterus cucullatus⁸¹ Hooded Oriole

1 nelsoni Ridgway, 1885 iSW USA (California to W New Mexico), NW Mexico (N Baja California, S Sonora) >> W Mexico (to Sinaloa)

1 trochiloides G.B. Grinnell, 1927 iNW Mexico (S Baja California)

2 sennetti Ridgway, 1901 iS USA (S Texas) to E Mexico (S Tamaulipas) >> S Mexico (Guerrero)

2 cucullatus Swainson, 1827 vS USA (S Texas) to S Mexico (to S Veracruz) >> S Mexico (to S Oaxaca)

2 igneus Ridgway, 1885 vS Mexico (coastal Yucatan Pen., including offshore islands), N Belize

Icterus prosthemelas⁸² Black-cowled Oriole

prosthemelas (Strickland, 1850) iCaribbean slope of SE Mexico (S Veracruz, Yucatan Pen.) to C Costa Rica

praecox A.R. Phillips & Dickerman, 1965 iSE Costa Rica (Limón), W Panama (Bocas del Toro, Coclé)

Icterus spurius⁸³ Orchard Oriole

1 spurius (Linnaeus, 1766)⁸⁴ vS Canada (S Saskatchewan to SE Ontario), USA, W Mexico (to Michoacán) >> Central America, Colombia

2 fuertesi Chapman, 1911⁸⁵ iCaribbean coast of E Mexico (S Tamaulipas to S Veracruz) >> S Mexico (to W Chiapas)

Icterus northropi ⁸⁶ J.A. Allen, 1890 Bahama Oriole

Andros, Great Abaco (Bahamas)

Icterus melanopsis ⁸⁷ (Wagler, 1829) Cuban Oriole

vCuba, Isla de la Juventud

Icterus bonana ⁸⁸ (Linnaeus, 1766) Martinique Oriole

iMartinique (Lesser Antilles)

Icterus portoricensis ⁸⁹ H. Bryant, 1866 Puerto Rican Oriole

vPuerto Rico

Icterus oberi Lawrence, 1880 Montserrat Oriole

iMontserrat (Lesser Antilles)

Icterus laudabilis P.L. Sclater, 1871 St. Lucia Oriole

vSt. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)

Icterus dominicensis ⁹⁰ (Linnaeus, 1766) Hispaniolan Oriole

vHispaniola and offshore islands (Ile de la Tortue, Ile de la Gonâve, Ile-à-Vache, Isla Saona)

Icterus auricapillus Cassin, 1848 Orange-crowned Oriole

iE Panama (Panamá, Darién),, N Colombia (south to Huila, N Meta), N Venezuela (south to N Bolívar)

Icterus pyrrhopterus⁹¹ Variable Oriole

pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819)⁹² vBolivia, S Brazil (Mato Grosso to Minas Gerais, south to Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina, Uruguay

tibialis Swainson, 1838 vE Brazil (Maranhão to Ceará, south to Rio de Janeiro)

Icterus cayanensis Epaulet Oriole

cayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766) vThe Guianas, N Brazil (Roraima to Amapá, N Pará), E Peru (to Madre de Dios), N Bolivia (La Paz, Beni)

chrysocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766)⁹³ vE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil (R. Negro, R. Branco; Tocantins; R. Amazon), E Ecuador, NE Peru

NESOPSAR P.L. Sclater, 1859 M - Icterus nigerrimus Osburn, 1859; type by original designation

Nesopsar nigerrimus (Osburn, 1859) Jamaican Blackbird

vJamaica

AGELAIUS Vieillot, 1816 M - Troupiale Commandeur Buffon; type by original designation = Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus, 1766

Agelaius phoeniceus⁹⁴ Red-winged Blackbird

arctolegus Oberholser, 1907⁹⁵ vSE Alaska, W Canada (to C Manitoba), NC USA (E Montana to Iowa) >> S USA

nevadensis G.B. Grinnell, 1914 vSW Canada (E British Columbia), W USA (Washington to C California, S Nevada)

fortis Ridgway, 1901^96,97 vWC USA (east of Rocky Mts. to W Kansas, south to New Mexico) >> Gulf Coast

caurinus Ridgway, 1901 vCoastal SW Canada (SW British Columbia) to N California

phoeniceus (Linnaeus, 1766) vSE Canada (from S Québec), E USA (from Wisconsin, E Nebraska, to NE Texas, C Florida) >> Gulf Coast

mearnsi A.H. Howell & van Rossem, 1928⁹⁸ iSC Florida

floridanus Maynard, 1895⁹⁹ vS Florida incl. Florida Keys

littoralis A.H. Howell & van Rossem, 1928 vGulf Coast of Texas to Florida

mailliardorum van Rossem, 1926 iSW USA (coastal C California)

californicus Nelson, 1897 vSW USA (C California, in Central Valley)

aciculatus J.W. Mailliard, 1915 vSW USA (S California, in Kern County)

neutralis Ridgway, 1901 vSW USA (coastal S California), NW Mexico (N Baja California)

sonoriensis Ridgway, 1887 vSW USA (SE California, S Nevada) to N Mexico (N Sonora)

megapotamus Oberholser, 1919 iS USA (S Texas), E Mexico (to N Veracruz)

gubernator (Wagler, 1832)¹⁰⁰ iC Plateau of Mexico (Durango to Puebla)

nelsoni Dickerman, 1965 iSC Mexico (Morelos, Puebla)

nyaritensis Dickey & van Rossem, 1925 vW Mexico (Pacific coast from Nayarit) to W El Salvador

richmondi Nelson, 1897¹⁰¹ iS Mexico (S Veracruz) to N Costa Rica (Limón)

pallidulus Van Tyne & Trautman, 1946¹⁰² vSE Mexico (N Yucatan Pen.)

arthuralleni Dickerman, 1974¹⁰³ iN Guatemala (Petén) [Dickerman, 1974 #1329]

grinnelli A.H. Howell, 1917 iEl Salvador, NW Costa Rica (Guanacaste)

bryanti Ridgway, 1887 iNW Bahamas

Agelaius assimilis ^104,105,106 Lembeye, 1850 Red-shouldered Blackbird

vW Cuba, Isla de la Juventud

Agelaius tricolor (Audubon, 1837) Tricolored Blackbird

iW USA (from S Washington to California), NW Mexico (N Baja California)

Agelaius humeralis¹⁰⁷ Tawny-shouldered Blackbird

humeralis (Vigors, 1827) vCuba (including offshore islands), W Hispaniola

scopulus Garrido, 1970¹⁰⁸ iCayo Cantiles (east of Isla de la Juventud) [Garrido, 1970 #1666]

Agelaius xanthomus Yellow-shouldered Blackbird

xanthomus (P.L. Sclater, 1862) vPuerto Rico

monensis Barnés, 1945 vIsla Mona, off W Puerto Rico

MOLOTHRUS Swainson, 1832 M - Fringilla pecoris J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by original designation = Oriolus ater Boddaert, 1783

Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cassin, 1866 Screaming Cowbird

vSE Bolivia, C and S Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, NE and C Argentina (south to Río Negro)

Molothrus oryzivorus¹⁰⁹ Giant Cowbird

impacifus (J.L. Peters, 1929)¹¹⁰ δCaribbean slope of S Mexico (Veracruz) to W Panama

oryzivorus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) vE Panama (east from C Panamá), Trinidad, Tobago, N South America (to N Argentina, S Brazil (Santa Catarina))

Molothrus aeneus¹¹¹ Bronzed Cowbird

1 loyei Parkes & Blake, 1965 iSW USA (S California to W Texas), NW Mexico (N Baja California, south to Nayarit)

1 assimilis (Nelson, 1900) vSW Mexico (Jalisco to Chiapas)

1 aeneus (Wagler, 1829) vS USA (S Texas to Florida), E Mexico (incl. Yucatan Pen.) to C Panama

2 armenti Cabanis, 1851¹¹² iN Colombia (Caribbean coast from N Bolívar to Magdalena)

Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird

cabanisii Cassin, 1866 iE Costa Rica to W Colombia

aequatorialis Chapman, 1915 vSW Colombia, W Ecuador

occidentalis von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892 vSW Ecuador (Loja), W Peru (to Lima)

venezuelensis Stone, 1891 vNE Colombia, N Venezuela

minimus Dalmas, 1900 vSE USA (Florida), West Indies, Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, N Brazil (Roraima)

riparius Griscom & Greenway, 1937 vE Ecuador, E Peru, N Brazil (Amazon valley east to W Pará)

bonariensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vBrazil (south of R. Amazon), E Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina (to C Santa Cruz), Uruguay¹¹³

Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird

artemisiae G.B. Grinnell, 1909 iSW Canada (to SC Manitoba), W USA (to California, New Mexico) >> Mexico (to Michoacán)

obscurus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vS Alaska, SW Canada, W USA, Mexico (N Baja California, to Oaxaca) >> NW Mexico (S Baja California)

ater (Boddaert, 1783) vSE Canada (from S Ontario), E USA (to C Texas, Gulf Coast, C Florida) >> Mexico (Oaxaca)

DIVES Cassin, 1867 M - Lampropsar dives Bonaparte, 1850; type by tautonymy = Icterus dives Deppe, 1830 ¹¹⁴

Dives dives ¹¹⁵ (Deppe, 1830) Melodious Blackbird

iE Mexico (Caribbean coast from Tamaulipas) south to both coasts of Guatemala to Costa Rica

Dives warczewiczi^116,117 Scrub Blackbird

1 warczewiczi (Cabanis, 1861)¹¹⁸ δiW Ecuador (S Esmeraldas) to NW Peru (La Libertad)

2 kalinowskii von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892¹¹⁹ iW Peru (La Libertad to Ica, Cajamarca, Huancavelica)

PTILOXENA Chapman, 1892 F - Quiscalus atroviolaceus d'Orbigny, 1839; type by monotypy¹²⁰

Ptiloxena atroviolacea (d'Orbigny, 1839) Cuban Blackbird

vCuba

EUPHAGUS Cassin, 1867 M - Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler, 1829; type by monotypy

Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird

carolinus (Statius Muller, 1776) vNW Alaska, Canada, NE USA (New York to C Maine) >> E USA

nigrans T.D. Burleigh & H.S. Peters, 1948 iSE Canada (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) >> E USA

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler, 1829) Brewer's Blackbird

vS Canada (to S Ontario), W USA (to California), NW Mexico (N Baja California) >> S Mexico

QUISCALUS Vieillot, 1816 M - Gracula quiscula Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 41).

Quiscalus quiscula¹²¹ Common Grackle

1 versicolor Vieillot, 1819 iS Canada, USA (east of Rocky Mts. to C Texas, W Mississippi) >> S Texas to South Carolina

1 stonei Chapman, 1935¹²² iE USA (Pennsylvania to Louisiana, Georgia)

2 quiscula (Linnaeus, 1758) iSE USA (Atlantic and Gulf coast from North Carolina to Louisiana, Florida incl. Florida Keys)

Quiscalus nicaraguensis Salvin & Godman, 1891 Nicaraguan Grackle

vS Nicaragua, N Costa Rica

Quiscalus lugubris^123,124,125 Carib Grackle

1 guadeloupensis Lawrence, 1879 vNC Lesser Antilles (Montserrat to Martinique)

1 inflexirostris Swainson, 1838 vSt. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)

1 luminosus Lawrence, 1878¹²⁶ αvThe Grenadines, Grenada (S Lesser Antilles); Islas Los Testigos (off NE Venezuela)

1 orquillensis (Cory, 1909) vIslas Los Hermanos (off N Venezuela)

1 insularis Richmond, 1896 vIsla de Margarita (off Venezuela)

1 lugubris Swainson, 1838 vNE Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, coasts of the Guianas to NE Brazil (Amapá)

2 contrusus (J.L. Peters, 1925) vSt. Vincent (Lesser Antilles)

2 fortirostris Lawrence, 1869 αvBarbados (Lesser Antilles)

Quiscalus niger¹²⁷ Greater Antillean Grackle

caribaeus (Todd, 1916) vW Cuba, including Isla de la Juventud and nearby cays

gundlachii Cassin, 1867¹²⁸ αiArch. de los Jardines de la Reina (off S Cuba)

caymanensis Cory, 1886 vGrand Cayman (Cayman Is.)

bangsi (J.L. Peters, 1921) iLittle Cayman (Cayman Is.)

crassirostris Swainson, 1838 vJamaica

niger (Boddaert, 1783) vHispaniola

brachypterus Cassin, 1867¹²⁹ αvPuerto Rico, Vieques I.

Quiscalus major Boat-tailed Grackle

torreyi (Harper, 1934)¹³⁰ αiCoastal E USA (Long I. to N Florida)

westoni (Sprunt, 1934)¹³¹ iSE USA (Florida Pen.)

alabamensis H.M. Stevenson, 1978¹³² vCoastal SE USA (S Mississippi to NW Florida) [Stevenson, 1978 #3733]

major Vieillot, 1819 vCoastal S USA (Texas to SW Mississippi)

Quiscalus mexicanus^133,134 Great-tailed Grackle

1 nelsoni (Ridgway, 1901) iSW USA (C California to SW Arizona), NW Mexico (N Baja California, N Sonora)

1 graysoni P.L. Sclater, 1884 iW Mexico (coastal Sinaloa)

2 obscurus Nelson, 1900 vW Mexico (coastal Nayarit to Guerrero)

2 monsoni (A.R. Phillips, 1950) iSW USA (California to Colorado south to W Texas), C Mexico (to Zacatecas)

2 prosopidicola (Lowery, 1938) iC and S USA (Nebraska to Texas), NE Mexico (Coahuila to Tamaulipas)

2 mexicanus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) vC Mexico (Jalisco to Tamaulipas) to Nicaragua

2 loweryi (Dickerman & A.R. Phillips, 1966) iSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen., Isla de Cozumel), Belize

2 peruvianus Swainson, 1838 vCosta Rica to NW Venezuela (Zulia) and NW Peru (Tumbes)

Quiscalus palustris (Swainson, 1827) Slender-billed Grackle

vC Mexico (México)

HYPOPYRRHUS Bonaparte, 1850 M - Cassicus pyrohypogaster de Tarragon, 1847; type by monotypy ¹³⁵

Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (de Tarragon, 1847) Red-bellied Grackle

iColombia (Andes from Antioquia to Putumayo)

LAMPROPSAR Cabanis, 1847 M - Lampropsar guianensis Cabanis, 1849; type by subsequent monotypy (Cabanis, 1849, in Schomburgk, Reisen in Brit.-Guiana, 3 (1848), p. 6).

Lampropsar tanagrinus^136,137 Velvet-fronted Grackle

1 guianensis Cabanis, 1849¹³⁸ vNE Venezuela (Sucre to NE Bolívar; NW Amazonas), NW Guyana, E Colombia (NE Vichada), N Brazil (Roraima)

1 tanagrinus (von Spix, 1824) vAmazon Basin in E Ecuador, S Colombia, NE Peru (Loreto, Ucayali) and W Brazil (east to R. Negro, R. Madeira)

1 macropterus Gyldenstolpe, 1945 vW Brazil (upper R. Juruá, W Amazonas)

2 boliviensis Gyldenstolpe, 1941¹³⁹ αvE Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz)

3 violaceus Hellmayr, 1906 vWC Brazil (NW Mato Grosso)

GYMNOMYSTAX Reichenbach, 1850 M - Agelaius melanicterus Vieillot, 1819; type by subsequent monotypy (Cabanis, 1851, Museum Heineanum, 1, p. 189). = Oriolus mexicanus Linnaeus, 1766 ¹⁴⁰

Gymnomystax mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1766) Oriole Blackbird

vW and N Venezuela to NE Guyana, E Colombia (east of Andes), E Ecuador and NE Peru along R. Amazon through Brazil to French Guiana

MACROAGELAIUS Cassin, 1866 M - Quiscalus subalaris Boissonneau, 1840; type by monotypy

Macroagelaius subalaris ¹⁴¹ (Boissonneau, 1840) Mountain Grackle

vC Colombia (W slope of E Andes from Norte de Santander to Cundinamarca)

Macroagelaius imthurni ¹⁴² (P.L. Sclater, 1881) Golden-tufted Grackle

iS Venezuela (Amazonas, SE Bolívar), N Brazil (Roraima), W Guyana

CURAEUS P.L. Sclater, 1862 M - Turdus curaeus G.I. Molina, 1782; type by monotypy and tautonymy

Curaeus curaeus Austral Blackbird

curaeus (G.I. Molina, 1782) iC and S Chile (Coquimbo to Straits of Magellan, Isla de Chiloé), SW Argentina (Neuquén to Santa Cruz)

reynoldsi (W.L. Sclater, 1939)¹⁴³ iS Chile and extreme S Argentina (Tierra del Fuego and nearby islands)

Curaeus forbesi ¹⁴⁴ (P.L. Sclater, 1886) Forbes's Blackbird

iNE Brazil (Pernambuco and Alagoas; Minas Gerais)

AMBLYRAMPHUS Leach, 1814 M - Amblyramphus bicolor Leach, 1814; type by monotypy = Xanthornus holosericeus Scopoli, 1786

Amblyramphus holosericeus (Scopoli, 1786) Scarlet-headed Blackbird

vNE Bolivia, Paraguay and S Brazil (S Mato Grosso and Santa Catarina to Rio Grande do Sul), NW and E Argentina (N Salta, Córdoba and E Chaco to Buenos Aires), Uruguay

GNORIMOPSAR Richmond, 1908 M - Agelaius chopi Vieillot, 1819; type by monotypy

Gnorimopsar chopi Chopi Blackbird

megistus (Leverkühn, 1889)¹⁴⁵ vExtreme SE Peru (Pampas de Heath) to E Bolivia (La Paz, Beni and Santa Cruz) [Leverkühn, 1889 #15712]

chopi (Vieillot, 1819) iC and E Brazil (C Mato Grosso to Goiás, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo), NE Argentina (south to Santa Fé and Entre Ríos) and Uruguay

sulcirostris (von Spix, 1824) vNE Brazil (east from Maranhão and Ceará, south to Bahia and N Minas Gerais)

OREOPSAR W.L. Sclater, 1939 M - Oreopsar bolivianus W.L. Sclater, 1939; type by monotypy

Oreopsar bolivianus ¹⁴⁶ W.L. Sclater, 1939 Bolivian Blackbird

vC Bolivia (Cochabamba to Potosí, Chuquisaca)

AGELAIOIDES Cassin, 1866 M - Agelaius badius Vieillot, 1819; type by subsequent designation (P.L. Sclater, 1884, Ibis, 1884 [26], p. 3). ¹⁴⁷

Agelaioides badius¹⁴⁸ Baywing Blackbird

1 fringillarius (von Spix, 1824)¹⁴⁹ vNE Brazil (Piauí, Ceará to Minas Gerais)

2 badius (Vieillot, 1819) vE Bolivia (Beni), S Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay to S Argentina (Chubut)

2 bolivianus (Hellmayr, 1917) vHighlands of C and S Bolivia (La Paz to Chuquisaca)

AGELASTICUS Cabanis, 1851 M - Turdus thilius Molina, 1782; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 69).¹⁵⁰

Agelasticus xanthophthalmus (Short, 1969) Pale-eyed Blackbird

vLocally in E Ecuador (Napo) and E Peru (San Martín, Huánuco and Madre de Dios) [Short, 1969 #3617]

Agelasticus cyanopus¹⁵¹ Unicolored Blackbird

xenicus (Parkes, 1966) vN Brazil (Amapá, NE Pará and N Maranhão)

atroolivaceus (zu Wied, 1831) vCoastal E Brazil (Espírito Santo to Paraná)

beniensis (Parkes, 1966) vN Bolivia (Beni)

cyanopus (Vieillot, 1819) iE Bolivia (Santa Cruz), C and S Brazil (from Mato Gross, W São Paulo) to NE Argentina, W Uruguay

Agelasticus thilius Yellow-winged Blackbird

alticola (Todd, 1932) iS Peru (Cuzco, Puno), W Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro)

thilius (G.I. Molina, 1782) iChile (south from Atacama)

petersii (Laubmann, 1934) iArgentina, Uruguay, SE Brazil (Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul)

CHRYSOMUS Swainson, 1837 M - Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus, 1766; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 42). ¹⁵²

Chrysomus ruficapillus Chestnut-capped Blackbird

frontalis (Vieillot, 1819) vFrench Guiana (coastal), E Brazil (Amapá to Rio Grande do Norte, south to São Paulo)

ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1819) iE Bolivia (Santa Cruz), S Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro), NE Argentina, Uruguay

Chrysomus icterocephalus Yellow-hooded Blackbird

bogotensis (Chapman, 1914) vC Colombia (Cundinamarca)

icterocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) N Colombia (south to Boyacá), Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, N Brazil, NE Peru (Loreto)

XANTHOPSAR Ridgway, 1901 M - Oriolus flavus J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by original designation ¹⁵³

Xanthopsar flavus ¹⁵⁴ (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Saffron-cowled Blackbird

vSE Paraguay, SE Brazil (from Santa Catarina), NE Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Ríos), Uruguay

PSEUDOLEISTES P.L. Sclater, 1862 M - Pseudoleistes viridis P.L. Sclater, 1862; type by subsequent designation (P.L. Sclater, 1884, Ibis, 1884 [26], p. 19). = Agelaius guirahuro Vieillot, 1819

Pseudoleistes guirahuro (Vieillot, 1819) Yellow-rumped Marshbird

iSE Brazil (Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Corrientes), N Uruguay

Pseudoleistes virescens (Vieillot, 1819) Brown-and-yellow Marshbird

iS Paraguay, SE Brazil (Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), EC Argentina (Buenos Aires), Uruguay

1 Sequence of genera follows Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

2 Ranked at full family level by Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348] and monotypic.

3 Dated 1808 by Lowery & Monroe (1968) [Lowery, 1968 #2448], but see Browning & Monroe (1991) [Browning, 1991 #542]. But true date unknown see Dickinson (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #12761].

4 Includes danotia Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809], see Browning (1978) [Browning, 1978 #536].

5 Dated '1851?' by Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

6 Formerly placed in a separate subfamily, Dolichonychinae, but see Lanyon & Omland (1999) [Lanyon, 1999 #2331] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

7 Subspecies groups follow A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

8 May be a separate species; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Barker et al. (2008) [Barker, 2008 #13315] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

9 For recognition, see Binford (1989) [Binford, 1989 #303].

10 Correct original spelling. Spelling inexpectata in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

11 For recognition see Dickerman (1989) [Dickerman, 1989 #1343] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

12 Includes quinta Dickerman, 1989 [Dickerman, 1989 #1343]; see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

13 Introduced to Hawaiian Is. (Kauai).

14 For recognition see Davis & Lanyon (2008) [Davis, 2008 #15535]. But see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

15 The name militaris was used by Linnaeus (1758) [Linnaeus, 1758 #4355] for one species of Emberiza included here under that name, and by Linnaeus (1771) [Linnaeus, 1770-71 #5118] for a species of Sturnus now necessarily called L. loyca.

16 When the first militaris was treated in Leistes and the second in Pezites, as in Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], each was called militaris, Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533], noting that the former was being treated in Sturnella by the A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] placed both species there and adopted the two differing specific epithets.

17 For restoration of this genus and inclusion therein of Pezites, see Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

18 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies groups with L. superciliaris and L. bellicosus; but see Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

19 For treatment as a separate species from L. militaris, see Short (1968) [Short, 1968 #7894] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

20 Dated '1851?' by Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

21 For treatment as a separate species from what is now L. loyca, see Short (1968) [Short, 1968 #7894].

22 For treatment as a separate species from what is now L. loyca, see Short (1968) [Short, 1968 #7894].

23 Dated '1851?' by Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

24 The name Sturnus militaris Linnaeus, 1771, is available in the genus Pezites as in Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], but when that genus is submerged in Sturnella it is preoccupied by Emberiza militaris Linnaeus, 1758, and the name loyca must be used.

25 For recognition, see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

26 For elevation from a subgenus of Cacicus, see e.g. A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Freeman & Zink (1995) [Freeman, 1995 #4383] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

27 May comprise more than one species; see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

28 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

29 Formerly placed in Cacicus, but see Price & Lanyon (2004) [Price, 2004 #10027], Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

30 Sequence of species follows Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

31 Returned to monotypic genus Zarhynchus by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], but see Price & Lanyon (2002) [Price, 2002 #3130] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

32 For correct date see dates of the parts of Gray's Genera of Birds in Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

33 May comprise more than one species; see Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], Price & Lanyon (2004) [Price, 2004 #10027] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

34 Song differs from that of nominate angustifrons, alfredi and atrocastaneus; see Price & Lanyon (2002) [Price, 2002 #15570]. Potentially a separate species.

35 Treated as a synonym of nominate decumanus by Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

36 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

37 Considered by Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with P. montezuma, P. guatimozinus and P. cassini.

38 For treatment of this and neivae as subspecies of P. bifasciatus, see Haffer (1974) [Haffer, 1974 #1870] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271]; but see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

39 Possibly represents a hybrid swarm between nominate bifasciatus and yuracares; see Haffer (1974) [Haffer, 1974 #1870] and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

40 For date used here see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

41 For erection of new monotypic genus Procacicus Fraga, 2005 [Fraga, 2005 #1594], see also Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525], based on results of Price & Lanyon (2002) [Price, 2002 #3130] and Price & Lanyon (2004) [Price, 2004 #10027]. No need seen by Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383] to use this but the branch appears deep.

42 Sequence of species follows Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

43 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with C. koepckeae, but see Cardiff & Remsen (1994) [Cardiff, 1994 #14439] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

44 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

45 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

46 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

47 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

48 For treatment of leucoramphus and peruvianus as conspecific with C. chrysonotus, see e.g. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271]. But see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

49 The reunion was held in 1844 and the proceedings date from 1845; see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

50 For placement in this genus, see Price & Lanyon (2004) [Price, 2004 #10027] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

51 For placement in this genus, see Price & Lanyon (2004) [Price, 2004 #10027] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

52 For recognition, see Parkes (1970) [Parkes, 1970 #15569].

53 Evidence of receipt of this issue of the Journal für Ornithologie by the Zoological Society of London in August 1890 (see Ibis, 1891, p. 616) strongly suggests delayed publication.

54 Sequence of species follows Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

55 Includes hondae; see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525]. See also Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2841].

56 Includes richardsoni; see Howell & Webb (1995) [Howell, 1995 #13863] and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110]. But see Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323].

57 Dated '1851?' by Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

58 For recognition see Dickerman (2007) [Dickerman, 2007 #11707].

59 Includes yucatanensis, tamaulipensis and troglodytes; see Dickerman (2007) [Dickerman, 2007 #11707].

60 Includes gigas; see Dickerman (2007) [Dickerman, 2007 #11707].

61 Published in issue No. CXCIII dated Dec. 23, 1913.

62 Includes eleutherus Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809]; see Browning (1978) [Browning, 1978 #536].

63 Includes parvus; see Rising (1970) [Rising, 1970 #3342]. But see Rising & Williams (1999) [Rising, 1999 #15538] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

64 For treatment as a separate species from I. galbula, see Freeman & Zink (1995) [Freeman, 1995 #4383], Monroe et al. (1995) [Monroe, 1995 #15089] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9]. See also Sturge et al. (2009) [Sturge, 2009 #12077] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

65 The proposal to emend the name to bullockorum see Chesser (2013) [Chesser, 2013 #15410] was corrected, see Chesser (2015) [Chesser, 2015 #15832].

66 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

67 Includes yaegeri A.R. Phillips, 1995 [Phillips, 1995 #3074]; see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525]. See also Dickerman & Parkes (1997) [Dickerman, 1997 #1353].

68 Includes dickermani A.R. Phillips, 1995 [Phillips, 1995 #3074] and interior A.R. Phillips, 1995 [Phillips, 1995 #3074]; see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525]. See also Dickerman & Parkes (1997) [Dickerman, 1997 #1353].

69 For continued recognition see Binford (1989) [Binford, 1989 #303] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525]. But see Phillips (1995) [Phillips, 1995 #3074].

70 For recognition see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

71 For recognition, see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110], Dickerman (2007) [Dickerman, 2007 #11707] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

72 For treatment as a separate species from I. galbula, see Monroe et al. (1995) [Monroe, 1995 #15089].

73 For recognition, see Binford (1989) [Binford, 1989 #303], Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

74 For recognition see Dickerman (1981) [Dickerman, 1981 #1334].

75 For treatment as separate species from I. icterus see e.g. Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

76 Correct original spelling. Spelling jamaicaii in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

77 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with I. jamacaii; which would take in I. croconotus.

78 Introduced to Puerto Rico.

79 For treatment as a separate species from I. icterus, see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

80 For placement in this species, see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

81 Subspecies groups follow Pleasants & Albano (2001) [Pleasants, 2001 #15537].

82 For treatment as a separate species from I. dominicensis, see Hellmayr (1937) [Hellmayr, 1937 #10408], Phillips & Dickerman (1965) [Phillips, 1965 #15543], Omland et al. (1999) [Omland, 1999 #2865], Banks et al. (2000) [Banks, 2000 #10] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

83 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

84 Includes phillipsi; see Baker et al. (2003) [Baker, 2003 #4352] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

85 May deserve treatment as a separate species; see Baker et al. (2003) [Baker, 2003 #4352], Kiere et al. (2007) [Kiere, 2007 #9923] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

86 For treatment as a separate species from I. dominicensis, see Garrido et al. (2005) [Garrido, 2005 #9867], Chesser et al. (2010) [Chesser, 2010 #12460] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

87 For treatment as a separate species from I. dominicensis, see Garrido et al. (2005) [Garrido, 2005 #9867], Chesser et al. (2010) [Chesser, 2010 #12460] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

88 For continued treatment of this, I. laudabilis and I. oberi as separate species from I. dominicensis, see Lovette et al. (1999) [Lovette, 1999 #15545] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

89 For treatment as a separate species from I. dominicensis, see Garrido et al. (2005) [Garrido, 2005 #9867], Chesser et al. (2010) [Chesser, 2010 #12460] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

90 Garrido et al. (2005) [Garrido, 2005 #9867] proposed that this species forms a superspecies with I. northropi, I. melanopsis, I. portoricensis, I. oberi, I. bonana and I. laudabilis, but see Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

91 For treatment as a separate species from I. cayanensis, see Omland et al. (1999) [Omland, 1999 #2865], D'Horta et al. (2008) [D'Horta, 2008 #10986] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

92 Includes valenciobuenoi and periporphyrus; see D'Horta et al. (2008) [D'Horta, 2008 #10986]. But see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

93 Treated as a separate species, by e.g. Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

94 Considered by A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] to form a superspecies with A. assimilis.

95 Treated as a synonym of nominate phoeniceus by Power (1970) [Power, 1970 #15540] and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110], but not by Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

96 Tentatively includes stereus Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809], zastereus Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809], and heterurus Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809], although see Browning (1978) [Browning, 1978 #536].

97 Treated as synonym of nominate phoeniceus by Power (1970) [Power, 1970 #15540] and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110], but not by Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

98 Perhaps best treated as a synonym of nominate phoeniceus; see Stevenson & Anderson (1994) [Stevenson, 1994 #15571] and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

99 Possibly better treated as a synonym of nominate phoeniceus; see Stevenson & Anderson (1994) [Stevenson, 1994 #15571] and Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

100 May merit treatment as a separate species, with mailliardorum and californicus as subspecies; see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

101 Includes brevirostris; see Dickerman (1974) [Dickerman, 1974 #1329] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

102 For recent recognition see Dickerman (1974) [Dickerman, 1974 #1329] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

103 For recognition, see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

104 For treatment as a separate species from A. phoeniceus see Garrido & Kirkconnell (1996) [Garrido, 1996 #1674], Banks et al. (1997) [Banks, 1997 #15549] and Barker et al. (2008) [Barker, 2008 #12047].

105 Includes subniger; see Garrido (1970) [Garrido, 1970 #1666].

106 Gundlach provided the MS name. This work has not been examined to see whether he provided descriptions that can be attributed to him, if so he may qualify as author of such names. Richmond (1992) [Richmond, 1992 #8978] did not suggest this.

107 Forms a superspecies with A. xanthomus; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

108 For recognition, see Buden & Olson (1989) [Buden, 1989 #2854].

109 Formerly treated in a monotypic genus Scaphidura but see Lanyon (1992) [Lanyon, 1992 #2329] and Banks et al. (2000) [Banks, 2000 #10].

110 Original spelling; not Latin and thus not variable. Spelling impacifa in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

111 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

112 May merit treatment as a separate species; see e.g. Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525]. But see Dugand & Eisenmann (1983) [Dugand, 1983 #15547] and Ellison & Lowther (2009) [Ellison, 2009 #15536].

113 Introduced to Chile.

114 For the change in authorship and date, see Quaisser & Weller (2005) [Quaisser, 2005 #3173] and Chesser et al. (2009) [Chesser, 2009 #11793].

115 Forms a superspecies with D. warczewiczi; see A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

116 For treatment as a separate species from D. dives, see e.g. Eisenmann (1955) [Eisenmann, 1955 #1490], A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], Stiles & Skutch (1989) [Stiles, 1989 #13786], Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

117 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

118 Correct original spelling. Spelling warszewiczi in Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

119 Treated as a separate species by A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], but see Schulenberg & Parker (1981) [Schulenberg, 1981 #15542].

120 Formerly subsumed in Dives, but see Webster (2003) [Webster, 2003 #4096], Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

121 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

122 Validity questioned by Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

123 Generic name misspelled in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].

124 May comprise more than one species, but more study is needed; see Powell et al. (2008) [Powell, 2008 #11752].

125 Subspecies groups follow Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

126 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287] and table 66 therein.

127 Considered by A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with Q. lugubris, but see Powell et al. (2008) [Powell, 2008 #11752].

128 Issue wrapper dated January 1867.

129 Issue wrapper dated January 1867.

130 For correct date see volume table of contents.

131 For recognition, see Stevenson (1978) [Stevenson, 1978 #3733], Post et al. (1996) [Post, 1996 #15572] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

132 For recognition see Browning (1990) [Browning, 1990 #539].

133 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with Q. major. But see Powell et al. (2008) [Powell, 2008 #11752].

134 Subspecies groups based on Powell et al. (2008) [Powell, 2008 #11752] and DaCosta et al. (2008) [DaCosta, 2008 #11215]; and these may be species.

135 Dated '1851?' by Blake (1968) [Blake, 1968 #323], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

136 May comprise more than one species; see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

137 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

138 For retention of date 1849 see Evenhuis (1997) [Evenhuis, 1997 #12439] and Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

139 The issue includes Trykt den 26 juni 1941 i.e. printed 26 June 1941 and delayed publication has not been claimed.

140 This genus was found to be more closely related to Hypopyrrhus and Lampropsar than to Macroagelaius by Cadena et al. 2004 [Cadena, 2004 #648] but see Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

141 Forms a superspecies with M. imthurni; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

142 For treatment as a separate species from M. subalaris, see Meyer de Schauensee (1951) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 #15544].

143 Includes recurvirostris Markham, 1971 [Markham, 1971 #2494]; see Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525]. But see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

144 This species is paraphyletic in Curaeus see Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383]; they proposed a new genus which must date from 2014 as the electronic publication did not qualify under the Code and, unlike the phylogenetic information in there, this falls outside our cut-off date.

145 For recognition see Bond & Meyer de Schauensee (1942) [Bond, 1942 #14386] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

146 Includes Agelaioides oreopsar Lowther (2001) [Lowther, 2001 #2451], whose author suggested that this species might belong in Agelaioides and noticing that the name would then be preoccupied by Molothrus badius bolivianus proposed this substitute name.

147 Formerly placed in Molothrus but see Lanyon (1992) [Lanyon, 1992 #2329], Johnson & Lanyon (1999) [Johnson, 1999 #2133] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383].

148 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

149 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110] and Fraga (2008, 2011) [Fraga, 2008 #12058], [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

150 For treatment as separate from Agelaius, see Lowther et al. (2004) [Lowther, 2004 #2452] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

151 May comprise than one species; see Jaramillo & Burke (1999) [Jaramillo, 1999 #2110].

152 For treatment as separate from Agelaius, see Lowther et al. (2004) [Lowther, 2004 #2452] and Fraga (2011) [Fraga, 2011 #13525].

153 For continued recognition, see Johnson & Lanyon (1999) [Johnson, 1999 #2133] and Powell et al. (2014) [Powell, 2014 #15383]. But see Short (1975) [Short, 1975 #13726] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

154 Includes Icterus xantholemus; see Barreiro & Perez del Val (2000) [Barreiro, 2000 #221].