H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics

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THRAUPIDAE - Typical Tanagers and allies¹ (98:371)

CYANICTERUS Bonaparte, 1850 M - Pyranga cyanictera Vieillot, 1819; type by monotypy and tautonymy ²

Cyanicterus cyanicterus (Vieillot, 1819) Blue-backed Tanager

iE Venezuela (Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil (Amazonas)

NEMOSIA Vieillot, 1816 F - Tangara à coëffe noire de Cayenne Buffon; type by monotypy = Tanagra pileata Boddaert, 1783

Nemosia pileata Hooded Tanager

hypoleuca Todd, 1916 vN Colombia (from Córdoba), N Venezuela (to N Bolívar)

surinamensis J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vGuyana, Surinam

pileata (Boddaert, 1783) vFrench Guiana, C Brazil (R. Madeira to R. Tapajós), N Bolivia

interna J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vNC Brazil (lower R. Negro, upper R. Branco)

nana von Berlepsch, 1912 iNE Peru (Amazon basin), W Brazil (east to lower R. Madeira)

caerulea (zu Wied, 1831) vE and S Brazil (south of R. Amazon, east of R. Tapajós), SE Peru (Madre de Dios) to E Bolivia, Paraguay, NW and NE Argentina

Nemosia rourei Cabanis, 1870 Cherry-throated Tanager

iE Brazil (Espírito Santo)

COMPSOTHRAUPIS Richmond, 1915 F - Tanagra rubrigularis von Spix, 1825; type by monotypy = Tanagra loricata M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1819 ³

Compsothraupis loricata (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1819) Scarlet-throated Tanager

vE Brazil (E Maranhão, Ceará to WC Goiás, Minas Gerais)

SERICOSSYPHA Lesson, 1844 F - Sericossypha somptuosa Lesson, 1844; type by original designation = Tanagra (Lamprotes) albocristatus Lafresnaye, 1843 ⁴

Sericossypha albocristata (Lafresnaye, 1843) White-capped Tanager

vSW Venezuela (Táchira), Colombia (from Norte de Santander) to C Peru (Junín)

ORCHESTICUS Cabanis, 1851 M - Orchesticus occipitalis Cabanis, 1851; type by monotypy = Pyrrhula abeillei Lesson, 1839

Orchesticus abeillei (Lesson, 1839) Brown Tanager

iSE Brazil (S Bahia to NE Santa Catarina)

PARKERTHRAUSTES Remsen, 1997 M - Pytilus humeralis Lawrence, 1867; type by monotypy ^5,6

Parkerthraustes humeralis (Lawrence, 1867) Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak

vS Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, Brazil (S Amazonia to S Pará, NW Mato Grosso), N Bolivia

CATAMBLYRHYNCHUS Lafresnaye, 1842 M - Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafresnaye, 1842; type by monotypy ^7,8

Catamblyrhynchus diadema Plushcap

federalis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1953 vN Venezuela (coastal mountains of Aragua, Distrito Federal)

diadema Lafresnaye, 1842⁹ iW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá, Andes from Trujillo) to S Ecuador

citrinifrons von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 iAndes of Peru to Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz), NW Argentina (Jujuy)

CHLOROPHANES Reichenbach, 1853 M - Coereba atricapilla Vieillot, 1817; type by monotypy = Motacilla spiza Linnaeus, 1758

Chlorophanes spiza Green Honeycreeper

guatemalensis P.L. Sclater, 1861 vS Mexico (Caribbean slope of Oaxaca, Chiapas), Belize, E Guatemala, Honduras

argutus Bangs & Barbour, 1922¹⁰ δvE Honduras to Panama, NW Colombia (Chocó)

exsul von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884¹¹ αiPacific coast of SW Colombia (Valle) to SW Ecuador

subtropicalis Todd, 1924 vColombia (all slopes of Andes, Sierra de Perijá) SW Venezuela (Andes of Mérida, Táchira)

spiza (Linnaeus, 1758) iVenezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, E Colombia, N Brazil (to E Maranhão)

caerulescens Cassin, 1864¹² iColombia (from Arauca) to C Bolivia and WC Brazil (to N Mato Grosso)

axillaris J.T. Zimmer, 1929 vCoastal E Brazil (Pernambuco to Santa Catarina)

IRIDOPHANES Ridgway, 1901 M - Dacnis pulcherrima P.L. Sclater, 1853; type by original designation

Iridophanes pulcherrimus Golden-collared Honeycreeper

pulcherrimus (P.L. Sclater, 1853) vColombia (from Huila) to Peru (to Cuzco)

aureinucha (Ridgway, 1879) iW Colombia (W slope of W Andes in Valle) to NW Ecuador (to Pichincha)

CHRYSOTHLYPIS von Berlepsch, 1912 F - Tachyphonus chrysomelas P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869; type by original designation

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas Black-and-yellow Tanager

titanota Olson, 1981¹³ vE Costa Rica (Caribbean slope) [Olson, 1981 #2841]

chrysomelas (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869) iWC Panama (to Panamá)

ocularis Nelson, 1912 vE Panama (E Panamá) to W Colombia (N Chocó)

Chrysothlypis salmoni ¹⁴ (P.L. Sclater, 1886) Scarlet-and-white Tanager

iW Colombia (to Antioquia) to NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas)

HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway, 1898 M - Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence, 1865; type by original designation

Heterospingus rubrifrons (Lawrence, 1865) Sulphur-rumped Tanager

iE Costa Rica, W and C Panama (east to Panamá)

Heterospingus xanthopygius¹⁵ Scarlet-browed Tanager

xanthopygius (P.L. Sclater, 1855) vE Panama (Darién) to N Colombia (to Antioquia)

berliozi Wetmore, 1966¹⁶ iPacific coast of W Colombia (Chocó) to WC Ecuador (to Chimborazo)

HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis, 1851 F - Hylophilus ruficeps zu Wied, 1831; type by original designation = Nemosia ruficapilla Vieillot, 1818 ¹⁷

Hemithraupis guira¹⁸ Guira Tanager

nigrigula (Boddaert, 1783) iVenezuela (east of Andes), the Guianas, NE Brazil (north of R. Amazon)

roraimae (Hellmayr, 1910) iSE Venezuela (Mt. Roraima), SW Guyana

guirina (P.L. Sclater, 1856) vColombia, W Ecuador (west of Andes), NW Peru (NW Tumbes)

huambina Stolzmann, 1926 vS Colombia (Nariño) to E Peru and W Brazil (east to R. Madeira)

boliviana J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vE Bolivia, NW Argentina

amazonica J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vC Brazil south of Amazon (R. Madeira to R. Tapajós)

guira (Linnaeus, 1766) iEC Brazil (R. Tocantins, Ceará to Goiás, NW Bahia); NE Brazil (Paraíba to Alagoas)

fosteri (Sharpe, 1905) iE Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones), SE Brazil (Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul)

Hemithraupis ruficapilla Rufous-headed Tanager

bahiae J.T. Zimmer, 1947¹⁹ iE Brazil (SE Bahia)

ruficapilla (Vieillot, 1818) iSE Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina)

Hemithraupis flavicollis Yellow-backed Tanager

ornata Nelson, 1912 vPacific slope of E Panama (E Darién) to W Colombia (N Chocó)

albigularis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) vN Colombia (Antioquia, Santander)

peruana Bonaparte, 1851 vColombia (Meta), E Ecuador, NE Peru (north of R. Marañón, R. Amazon in Amazonas, Loreto)

sororia J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vN and E Peru (south of R. Marañón)

centralis (Hellmayr, 1907) vSE Peru, N and C Bolivia, SC Brazil (to N Mato Grosso)

aurigularis Cherrie, 1916 vSE Colombia, S Venezuela, N Brazil (R. Negro)

hellmayri von Berlepsch, 1912 iSE Venezuela (E Bolívar), W Guyana

flavicollis (Vieillot, 1818) vSurinam, French Guiana, NE Brazil (north of R. Amazon)

obidensis Parkes & Humphrey, 1963 vNE Brazil (N bank of lower R. Amazon)

melanoxantha (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) vE Brazil (coastal Pernambuco, Bahia)

insignis (P.L. Sclater, 1856)²⁰ vSE Brazil (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro)

CONIROSTRUM d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 N - Conirostrum cinereum d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838; type by monotypy ^21,22

Conirostrum speciosum Chestnut-vented Conebill

guaricola W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1949 iNE Venezuela (E Guárico, W Anzoátegui)

amazonum (Hellmayr, 1917) iE Colombia, W Venezuela; E Ecuador, E Peru; the Guianas, N Brazil (E Amazonas to Pará)

speciosum (Temminck, 1824) vSE Peru, E Bolivia, SC Brazil (Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Paraná), N Argentina (Jujuy to Misiones)

Conirostrum leucogenys White-eared Conebill

panamense (Griscom, 1927) vE Panama (Darién), NW Colombia (Córdoba)

leucogenys (Lafresnaye, 1852) iN Colombia (Sucre to Norte de Santander), NW Venezuela (to Carabobo)

cyanochroum (Todd, 1924) vW Venezuela (foothills of Sierra de Perijá, W base of Andes in Mérida)

Conirostrum bicolor Bicolored Conebill

bicolor (Vieillot, 1809)²³ iN Colombia, N Venezuela (incl. Isla de Margarita), Trinidad, N and E Brazil (to São Paulo; R. Branco)

minus (Hellmayr, 1935) vBoth banks of R. Amazon in NE Peru, SE Colombia, N Brazil (east to R. Tapajós)

Conirostrum margaritae (Holt, 1931) Pearly-breasted Conebill

iNE Peru (Loreto), Amazonian Brazil (to W Amapá)

Conirostrum cinereum²⁴ Cinereous Conebill

fraseri P.L. Sclater, 1859 iSW Colombia (C and E Andes in Cauca) to S Ecuador

littorale von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896²⁵ αvW Peru (Cajamarca) to N Chile (Tarapacá)

cinereum d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 vS Peru (E slope of Andes in Huánuco) to Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Potosí), N Chile

Conirostrum tamarugense ²⁶ A.W. Johnson & Millie, 1972 Tamarugo Conebill

vSW Peru (highlands from Arequipa to Tacna), N Chile (Tarapacá) [Johnson, 1972 #2128]

Conirostrum ferrugineiventre ²⁷ P.L. Sclater, 1855 White-browed Conebillα

vC and S Peru (E slope of Andes from San Martín) to Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz)

Conirostrum rufum Lafresnaye, 1843 Rufous-browed Conebill

vSW Venezuela (S Táchira), E Colombia (Norte de Santander to Bogotá); N Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

Conirostrum sitticolor²⁸ Blue-backed Conebill

1 pallidum Aveledo & C.L. Pérez, 1989²⁹ δvSierra de Perijá on Colombia/Venezuela border [Aveledo, 1989 #117]

1 intermedium von Berlepsch, 1893 vW Venezuela (Andes from Trujillo to N Táchira)

1 sitticolor Lafresnaye, 1840 iAndes of SW Venezuela (S Táchira), Colombia, Ecuador and N Peru (Piura, Cajamarca, Amazonas)

2 cyaneum Taczanowski, 1875 vE slope of Andes from C Peru (Huánuco) to C Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

Conirostrum albifrons³⁰ Capped Conebill

1 cyanonotum Todd, 1932 vN Venezuela (coastal mountains in Aragua, Distrito Federal)

1 albifrons Lafresnaye, 1842 iSW Venezuela (Andes of S Táchira), E Colombia (W slope of W Andes to Bogotá)

1 centralandium Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 iColombia (C Andes from Antioquia to W Huila, E slope in Nariño)

2 atrocyaneum Lafresnaye, 1848 vW Andes of Colombia (Antioquia, on W slope to Nariño) to N Peru (Piura, Cajamarca)

2 sordidum von Berlepsch, 1901 vC Peru (Andes from Junín) to N Bolivia (La Paz)

2 lugens von Berlepsch, 1901 iBolivia (Andes of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz)

Conirostrum binghami ^31,32 (Chapman, 1919) Giant Conebill

SW Colombia to N Chile (Tarapacá), Bolivia, NW Argentina

SICALIS Boie, 1828 F - Emberiza brasiliensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by subsequent designation (Cabanis, 1845, in Tschudi, Unters. Fauna Peruana, Aves, p. 215). ^33,34

Sicalis citrina^35,36 Stripe-tailed Yellow Finch

browni Bangs, 1898 iW and N Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, N Brazil (to Amapá)

citrina von Pelzeln, 1870 vE Brazil (S Pará, Piauí to E Mato Grosso, Paraná)

occidentalis Carriker, 1932 vSE Peru (Puno), NW Argentina (Salta to La Rioja)

Sicalis taczanowskii Sharpe, 1888 Sulfur-throated Yellow Finch

iSW Ecuador (from Guayas), NW Peru (lowlands from Tumbes to La Libertad)

Sicalis uropygialis Bright-rumped Yellow Finch

sharpei (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894) iWC Peru (Cajamarca to Junín)

uropygialis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)^37,38 δvSE Peru (Puno), W Bolivia, N Chile (to Antofagasta), NW Argentina (Jujuy to Tucumán)

Sicalis lebruni ³⁹ (Oustalet, 1891) Patagonian Yellow Finch

iS Argentina (from Río Negro) and S Chile (from NE Magallanes) to N Tierra del Fuego

Sicalis luteocephala (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Citron-headed Yellow Finch

iAndes of C Bolivia (Cochabamba to Tarija), NW Argentina (Jujuy)

Sicalis olivascens⁴⁰ Greenish Yellow Finch

salvini (C. Chubb, 1919) iN Peru (La Libertad to Huánuco)

chloris von Tschudi, 1846 iW and S Peru (Ancash to Tacna), N Chile (to Coquimbo)

olivascens (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) iSE Peru (Cuzco, Puno), W and C Bolivia, NW Argentina (Jujuy to La Rioja)

Sicalis mendozae ⁴¹ (Sharpe, 1888) Monte Yellow Finch

W Argentina (S La Rioja to Mendoza)

Sicalis auriventris R.A. Philippi, Sr. & Landbeck, 1864 Greater Yellow Finch

vAndes of Chile (Antofagasta to Magallanes) and Argentina (Mendoza to Santa Cruz)

Sicalis raimondii Taczanowski, 1874 Raimondi's Yellow Finch

iS Peru (W slope of Andes from Lima to N Tacna)

Sicalis lutea (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Puna Yellow Finch

vSE Peru (from Cuzco), highlands of Bolivia, NE Chile (Arica, Parinacota), NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta)

Sicalis flaveola⁴² Saffron Finch

1 flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766) vN and E Colombia (to Meta), Venezuela (south of R. Orinoco), coasts of the Guianas; Trinidad⁴³

1 valida Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1921 vEcuador (coastal slope in Guayaquil), NW Peru (Ancash)

2 brasiliensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vE Brazil (Maranhão, São Paulo to Atlantic coast)

2 pelzelni P.L. Sclater, 1872 iBolivia east of Andes (Beni), SE Brazil (Mato Grosso, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, E Argentina, Uruguay

2 koenigi G. Hoy, 1978⁴⁴ iNW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta) [Hoy, 1978 #2024]

Sicalis columbiana Orange-fronted Yellow Finch

columbiana Cabanis, 1851 vC Venezuela (R. Orinoco), E Colombia (Meta, Vichada)

leopoldinae Hellmayr, 1906 iEC Brazil (S Maranhão, Pernambuco to Goiás)

goeldii von Berlepsch, 1906 iAmazonian Brazil (R. Purus to lower R. Tapajós, S Amapá)

Sicalis luteola^45,46 Grassland Yellow Finch

1 chrysops P.L. Sclater, 1862 iS Mexico (Caribbean slope in Veracruz, Chiapas), S Guatemala, E Honduras, NE Nicaragua

1 mexicana Brodkorb, 1943 vC Mexico (Pacific slope of Puebla, Morelos)

1 eisenmanni Wetmore, 1953 iNW Costa Rica (Guanacaste), C Panama (Coclé)

2 bogotensis Chapman, 1924⁴⁷ vAndes in Venezuela, E Andes in Colombia, Ecuador to S Peru (Arequipa)

3 luteola (Sparrman, 1789) vColombia (W Andes, Cauca valley, Magdalena valley), Venezuela (Falcón, Monagas, Bolívar), Guyana, N Brazil⁴⁸

3 flavissima Todd, 1922 vSurinam to N Brazil (mouth of R. Amazon)

3 chapmani Ridgway, 1899 iNE Brazil (lower R. Amazon in C Pará)

4 luteiventris (Meyen, 1834)^49,50 vS Brazil (Santa Catarina), Uruguay, N and C Argentina (Chubut), C Chile >> S Peru, Bolivia, C Brazil

PHRYGILUS Cabanis, 1844 M - Fringilla gayi Gervais, 1834; type by original designation ⁵¹

Phrygilus punensis⁵² Peruvian Sierra Finch

chloronotus von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 vPeru (Cajamarca to Cuzco)

punensis Ridgway, 1887 vS Peru (Puno), NW Bolivia (La Paz)

Phrygilus atriceps (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Black-hooded Sierra Finch

iS Peru (from Arequipa), SW Bolivia, N Chile (to Coquimbo), NW Argentina (to Catamarca)

Phrygilus gayi⁵³ Gray-hooded Sierra Finch

gayi (Gervais, 1834) iN and C Chile (Antofagasta to Maule)

minor R.A. Philippi-B. & Goodall, 1957⁵⁴ vCoastal NC Chile (Atacama to Valparaíso)

caniceps Burmeister, 1860 iW Argentina (W Salta), S Chile (from Aisén) to Tierra del Fuego

Phrygilus patagonicus P.R. Lowe, 1923 Patagonian Sierra Finch

vS Chile (from Maule), S Argentina (from Neuquén) to Tierra del Fuego >> C Chile

NESOSPIZA Cabanis, 1873 F - Nesospiza acunhae Cabanis, 1873; type by monotypy ⁵⁵

Nesospiza acunhae Nightingale Island Finch

acunhae Cabanis, 1873 iCoastal Inaccesible I.

fraseri Ryan, 2008^56,57 Inaccesible I. (plateau) [Ryan, 2008 #10838]

questi P.R. Lowe, 1923⁵⁸ iNightingale I.

dunnei Hagen, 1952 Inaccesible I. (coast, E plateau)

Nesospiza wilkinsi P.R. Lowe, 1923 Wilkins's Finch

Nightingale I.

ROWETTIA P.R. Lowe, 1923 F - Nesospiza goughensis W.E. Clarke, 1904; type by monotypy ⁵⁹

Rowettia goughensis (W.E. Clarke, 1904) Gough Island Finch

vGough I.

MELANODERA Bonaparte, 1850 F - Emberiza melanodera Quoy & Gaimard, 1824; type by tautonymy ^60,61

Melanodera melanodera White-bridled Finch

princetoniana (W.E.D. Scott, 1900)⁶² vS Chile (Magallanes), S Argentina (Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego)

melanodera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) iFalkland Is.

Melanodera xanthogramma Yellow-bridled Finch

barrosi Chapman, 1923⁶³ iC and S Chile (Andes from Atacama to Magallanes), S Argentina (Mendoza to Santa Cruz)

xanthogramma (Gould & G.R. Gray, 1839)⁶⁴ vS Chile, S Argentina (Tierra del Fuego)

CATAMENIA Bonaparte, 1850 F - Linaria analis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 78). ^65,66

Catamenia analis⁶⁷ Band-tailed Seedeater

1 alpica Bangs, 1902 vN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

1 schistaceifrons Chapman, 1915 iColombia (C and E Andes)

1 insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1930 vN Peru (E slope of Andes from Cajamarca to Ancash)

1 analoides (Lafresnaye, 1847) iW Peru (W slope of Andes from Piura to Ayacucho)

2 soderstromi Chapman, 1924⁶⁸ δiW Ecuador (W slope of Andes)

2 griseiventris Chapman, 1919 vSW Peru (Cuzco to Tacna)

2 analis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)⁶⁹ vN Chile (Arica), Bolivia, N and C Argentina (Jujuy, Salta to Mendoza, La Pampa; SW Buenos Aires)

Catamenia inornata Plain Seedeater

mucuchiesi W.H. Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard, 1941 iAndes of W Venezuela (Mérida)

minor von Berlepsch, 1885 vAndes of SW Venezuela (Táchira) to C Peru (Junín)

inornata (Lafresnaye, 1847) vAndes of SW Peru (Cuzco, Puno), N Chile (N Tarapacá), C Bolivia, NW Argentina (to C Mendoza)

cordobensis Nores & Yzurieta, 1983⁷⁰ vNC Argentina (Córdoba) [Nores, 1983 #2779]

Catamenia homochroa⁷¹ Paramo Seedeater

1 oreophila Todd, 1913⁷² vN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

2 homochroa P.L. Sclater, 1859⁷³ iSierra de Perijá (Colombia/Venezuela border), W Venezuela (Andes of Mérida) to NW Bolivia

2 duncani (C. Chubb, 1921)⁷⁴ iTepui region of Venezuela, N Brazil (N Amazonas)

DIGLOSSA Wagler, 1832 F - Diglossa baritula Wagler, 1832; type by monotypy ⁷⁵

Diglossa glauca⁷⁶ Golden-eye Flowerpiercer/Deep-blue Flowerpiercer

tyrianthina Hellmayr, 1930 vS Colombia (from Caquetá) to Ecuador to N Peru (Amazonas)

glauca P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876 vN Peru (E slope of Andes south of R. Marañón) to Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Diglossa caerulescens⁷⁷ Bluish Flowerpiercer

caerulescens (P.L. Sclater, 1856) iN Venezuela (coastal mountains from Carabobo to Distrito Federal)

ginesi W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1952 iW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá)

saturata (Todd, 1917) vAndes of Venezuela and Colombia, W slope of Andes of N Ecuador (south to Pichincha)

media J. Bond, 1955⁷⁸ vE slope of Andes in Ecuador (Napo) to N Peru (Cajamarca)

pallida (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896) vN and C Peru (R. Marañón to Junín)

mentalis J.T. Zimmer, 1942 vS Peru (E slope of Andes) to Bolivia (La Paz)

Diglossa cyanea⁷⁹ Masked Flowerpiercer

tovarensis J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1952 vN Venezuela (coastal mountains of Aragua, Distrito Federal)

obscura W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1952 vW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá)

cyanea (Lafresnaye, 1840) vW Venezuela (Andes from Trujillo), Colombia, Ecuador (except SW)

dispar J.T. Zimmer, 1942 iAndes of SW Ecuador, NW Peru

melanopis von Tschudi, 1844 vAndes of Peru (except NW) to Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

Diglossa indigotica P.L. Sclater, 1856 Indigo Flowerpiercer

vPacific slope of W Andes in Colombia (Risaralda) to NW Ecuador (Pichincha)

Diglossa sittoides⁸⁰ Rusty Flowerpiercer

hyperythra Cabanis, 1851⁸¹ αvN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.), N Venezuela (coastal mountains to Miranda)

mandeli Blake, 1940 iNE Venezuela (Sucre)

coelestis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1953 δvW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá)

dorbignyi (Boissonneau, 1840) iW Venezuela (Andes from Lara to Táchira), Colombia

decorata J.T. Zimmer, 1930 vAndes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

sittoides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) iBolivia, NW Argentina (to Tucumán)

Diglossa baritula⁸² Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer

baritula Wagler, 1832 iC and S Mexico (highlands of Jalisco, Veracruz to Oaxaca)

montana Dearborn, 1907 vS Mexico (highlands of Chiapas) to El Salvador

parva Griscom, 1932 vHighlands of Honduras, Nicaragua

Diglossa plumbea ^83,84,85 Cabanis, 1861 Slaty Flowerpiercerα

vHighlands of Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to W Panama (to Veraguas)

Diglossa gloriosissima⁸⁶ Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer

gloriosissima Chapman, 1912 vW Colombia (Cauca)

boylei G.R. Graves, 1990⁸⁷ iW Colombia (N Antioquia) [Graves, 1990 #1784]

Diglossa lafresnayii ⁸⁸ (Boissonneau, 1840) Glossy Flowerpiercer

iW Venezuela (Andes from Trujillo) Colombia (Norte de Santander; E Andes of Cundinamarca; from Antioquia) to N Peru (Cajamarca)

Diglossa mystacalis⁸⁹ Moustached Flowerpiercer

unicincta Hellmayr, 1905 vN Peru (E slope of Andes from Amazonas to Huánuco)

pectoralis Cabanis, 1873 vC Peru (E slope of Andes from Huánuco to Junín)

albilinea Chapman, 1919 iSE Peru (Ayacucho to Puno)

mystacalis Lafresnaye, 1846 vBolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz)

Diglossa duidae Scaled Flowerpiercer

hitchcocki W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1948 iS Venezuela (N Amazonas)

duidae Chapman, 1929⁹⁰ iS Venezuela (Amazonas, SW Bolívar)

georgebarrowcloughi Dickerman, 1987⁹¹ iSerranía de la Neblina on Venezuela/Brazil border [Dickerman, 1987 #1338]

Diglossa major Greater Flowerpiercer

gilliardi Chapman, 1939 iSE Venezuela (SE Bolívar)

disjuncta J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1944 vSE Venezuela (SE Bolívar)

chimantae W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1947 iSE Venezuela (Chimantá Tepui, in SE Bolívar)

major Cabanis, 1849⁹² αvSE Venezuela (Mt. Roraima, Cerro Cuquenán, Uei-tepui, in SE Bolívar)

Diglossa albilatera⁹³ White-sided Flowerpiercer

federalis Hellmayr, 1922 vN Venezuela (coastal mountains from Aragua to Distrito Federal)

albilatera Lafresnaye, 1843 iSierra de Perijá, W Venezuela (Lara to S Táchira) to N Peru (Cajamarca)

schistacea Chapman, 1925 vSW Ecuador, NW Peru (west of R. Marañón)

affinis J.T. Zimmer, 1942 vPeru (S Amazonas to NW Cuzco)

Diglossa venezuelensis Chapman, 1925 Venezuelan Flowerpiercer

vNE Venezuela (coastal mountains in Sucre; Cerros Negro, Humo, in Paria Pen.)

Diglossa brunneiventris^94,95 Black-throated Flowerpiercer

1 vuilleumieri G.R. Graves, 1980⁹⁶ iColombia (Andes of Antioquia) [Graves, 1980 #1770]

2 brunneiventris Lafresnaye, 1846 vPeru (Andes from S Cajamarca south of R. Marañón) to N Chile (Tarapacá), W Bolivia (La Paz)

Diglossa carbonaria ⁹⁷ (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838) Gray-bellied Flowerpiercer

vBolivia (from La Paz) to N Argentina (N Jujuy)

Diglossa gloriosa ⁹⁸ P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1871 Merida Flowerpiercerα

vW Venezuela (Andes of Trujillo to Táchira)

Diglossa humeralis^99,100 Black Flowerpiercer

1 nocticolor Bangs, 1898 iSanta Marta Mts. (N Colombia), Sierra de Perijá (Colombian-Venezuelan border)

2 humeralis (Fraser, 1840) vAndes of SW Venezuela (S Táchira), E Andes of Colombia (Norte de Santander to Cundinamarca)

3 aterrima Lafresnaye, 1846 vAndes of Colombia (from N Antioquia) to N Peru (to Marañón valley)

IDIOPSAR Cassin, 1867 M - Idiopsar brachyurus Cassin, 1867; type by monotypy ^101,102,103

Idiopsar brachyurus ¹⁰⁴ Cassin, 1867 Short-tailed Finchα

vS Peru (S Cuzco, Puno) to NW Argentina (to Catamarca)

Idiopsar dorsalis ¹⁰⁵ (Cabanis, 1883) Red-backed Sierra Finch

vN Chile (Tarapacá, Antofagasta), SW Bolivia (from Oruro), NW Argentina (Jujuy to Catamarca)

Idiopsar erythronotus ¹⁰⁶ (R.A. Philippi, Sr. & Landbeck, 1861) White-throated Sierra Finch

vS Peru (from SE Arequipa), N Chile (Arica), SW Bolivia (W Oruro, W Potosí)

XENODACNIS Cabanis, 1873 F - Xenodacnis parina Cabanis, 1873; type by original designation

Xenodacnis parina Tit-like Dacnis

bella J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1939¹⁰⁷ vNC Peru (S Amazonas, La Libertad). Also presumably S Ecuador (NW Azuay, NW Morona-Santiago)

petersi J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1939 iC Peru (W slope of Andes in Ancash, Lima)

parina Cabanis, 1873 vS Peru (E slope in Junín to Cuzco, W slope in Arequipa)

GEOSPIZOPSIS Bonaparte, 1856 F - Geospizopsis typus Bonaparte, 1856; type by tautonymy = Passerculus geospizopsis Bonaparte, 1853¹⁰⁸

Geospizopsis unicolor¹⁰⁹ Plumbeous Sierra Finch

1 nivaria (Bangs, 1899) vN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.), NW Venezuela (Andes of Mérida)

1 geospizopsis (Bonaparte, 1853) iAndes of C and S Colombia (C and E ranges), Ecuador, N Peru

2 inca (J.T. Zimmer, 1929) iPeru, W Bolivia (La Paz)

3 unicolor (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) iChile (Arica to Magallanes), W Argentina (Mendoza to Santa Cruz)

3 tucumana (Chapman, 1925)¹¹⁰ vC Bolivia (Cochabamba), NW Argentina (Jujuy to La Rioja, Córdoba)

3 ultima (Ripley, 1950) vHighlands of Tierra del Fuego

Geospizopsis plebejus Ashy-breasted Sierra Finch

ocularis (P.L. Sclater, 1859) vAndes of Ecuador to N Peru (north of Marañón valley)

plebejus (von Tschudi, 1844) iAndes of Peru (south of Marañón valley), N Chile (to Antofagasta), W Bolivia, N Argentina (to Mendoza)

naroskyi (Nores & Yzurieta, 1983)¹¹¹ iNC Argentina (Sierra de Córdoba) [Nores, 1983 #2779]

HAPLOSPIZA Cabanis, 1851 F - Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis, 1851; type by monotypy ^112,113

Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis, 1851 Uniform Finch

iE Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones), SE Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul)

Haplospiza rustica¹¹⁴ Slaty Finch

uniformis P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873^115,116 vSE Mexico (Chiapas), highlands of Guatemala to NW Nicaragua; NC Costa Rica, W Panama

arcana (Wetmore & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1949) vTepuis of S Venezuela

rustica (von Tschudi, 1844) vAndes of N Venezuela to C Bolivia

Haplospiza bairdi ^117,118 (Ridgway, 1882) Peg-billed Finchδ

Highlands of Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to W Panama (W Chiriquí)

VOLATINIA Reichenbach, 1850 F - Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus, 1766; type by subsequent monotypy (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 78). ¹¹⁹

Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit

splendens (Vieillot, 1817) iMexico, Belize, Central America, Colombia to the Guianas and Amazonia; Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada

jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766) iS and E Brazil (from Mato Grosso, Maranhão), SE Peru, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina (to Mendoza)

peruviensis (Peale, 1848) vW Ecuador, W Peru, NW Chile

CONOTHRAUPIS P.L. Sclater, 1880 F - Schistochlamys speculigera Gould, 1855; type by monotypy

Conothraupis speculigera (Gould, 1855) Black-and-white Tanager

vW slope of Andes from W Ecuador (from Pichincha) to NW Peru (to La Libertad) >> NC to E Peru (Amazonas to Madre de Dios), SW Amazonian Brazil (Acre)

Conothraupis mesoleuca ¹²⁰ (Berlioz, 1939) Cone-billed Tanager

vSC Brazil (W Mato Grosso, SW Goiás)

CREURGOPS P.L. Sclater, 1858 M - Creurgops verticalis P.L. Sclater, 1858; type by monotypy

Creurgops verticalis ¹²¹ P.L. Sclater, 1858 Rufous-crested Tanager

vSW Venezuela (Táchira), Colombia to C Peru (Junín, N Ayacucho)

Creurgops dentatus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) Slaty Tanager

vE slope of Andes in SE Peru (Cordillera Vilcabamba, in Cuzco), Bolivia (Cochabamba)

TACHYPHONUS Vieillot, 1816 M - Tangara noir Buffon; type by monotypy = Tangara rufa Boddaert, 1783 ¹²²

Tachyphonus delatrii Lafresnaye, 1847 Tawny-crested Tanager

iCaribbean coast from E Honduras to W Colombia (to Magdalena valley), on Pacific coast to NW Ecuador

Tachyphonus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager

axillaris (Lawrence, 1874) vPacific coast of Costa Rica to W Panama (W Chiriquí)

nitidissimus Salvin, 1870 vCaribbean coast of E Honduras to NW Panama (Bocas del Toro)

panamensis Todd, 1917 vC Panama (Coclé) to N Colombia, W Venezuela (Maracaibo), and on Pacific coast to NW Peru

luctuosus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 vE base of Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, and SE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil (to Mato Grosso, Goiás)

flaviventris (P.L. Sclater, 1856) vNE Venezuela (Sucre), Trinidad

Tachyphonus rufiventer (von Spix, 1825) Yellow-crested Tanager

iE Peru (south of R. Marañón, R. Amazon), W Brazil (SW Amazonas, W Acre), NW Bolivia (La Paz)

Tachyphonus cristatus¹²³ Flame-crested Tanager

1 cristatus (Linnaeus, 1766) vFrench Guiana, NE Brazil (north of R. Amazon, E of R. Nhamundá)

1 intercedens von Berlepsch, 1880 iE Venezuela (east of R. Caroní) to Guyana, Surinam

1 orinocensis J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1945 vE Colombia, S Venezuela (N and E Amazonas, W Bolívar)

1 cristatellus P.L. Sclater, 1862 vSE Colombia (Meta), S Venezuela (SW Amazonas) to NE Peru, NW Brazil (to Manaus)

1 fallax J.T. Zimmer, 1945 iSW Colombia (SW Nariño) to N Peru (to lower R. Ucayali)

1 huarandosae Chapman, 1925 iN Peru (Amazonas)

1 madeirae Hellmayr, 1910 iC Brazil (Tefé, R. Xingu to Mato Grosso), E Peru (Madre de Dios), N Bolivia (Pando, N Beni)

1 pallidigula J.T. Zimmer, 1945 iNE Brazil (Pará, lower R. Tocantins)

1 brunneus (von Spix, 1825) vE Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte to NE Santa Catarina)

2 nattereri von Pelzeln, 1870 iSW Brazil (WC Mato Grosso)

Tachyphonus surinamus¹²⁴ Fulvous-crested Tanager

1 surinamus (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Venezuela (Sucre to C Amazonas), the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Negro)

1 brevipes Lafresnaye, 1846 iSE Colombia (Meta, Guainía), S Venezuela, to E Ecuador, NE Peru, NW Brazil (north of R. Amazon, east to R. Negro)

1 insignis Hellmayr, 1906 vE Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon from R. Madeira to NE Pará)

2 napensis Lawrence, 1864 vE Peru (south of R. Amazon to R. Ucayali), W Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, east to R. Juruá)

Tachyphonus phoenicius Swainson, 1838 Red-shouldered Tanager

vE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil; NE Peru; Brazil (R. Madeira, R. Tapajós to Mato Grosso)

Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert, 1783) White-lined Tanager

vSE Nicaragua to Panama, Colombia to E Brazil (N Paraná), south to E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina

Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822) Ruby-crowned Tanager

vSE Brazil (N Mato Grosso do Sul, SE Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

EUCOMETIS P.L. Sclater, 1856 F - Tanagra penicillata von Spix, 1825; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 72).

Eucometis penicillata¹²⁵ Gray-headed Tanager

1 pallida von Berlepsch, 1888 vSE Mexico (Caribbean slope S Veracruz to Yucatan Pen.), Belize, N and C Guatemala, N Honduras

1 spodocephalus (Bonaparte, 1853)¹²⁶ αδBoth slopes from Nicaragua to Costa Rica

1 stictothorax von Berlepsch, 1888 iPacific slope of Costa Rica (from Puntarenas) to W Panama (Veraguas)

1 cristata (Du Bus, 1855) vE Panama, W Colombia (to Valle, Huila); east of Andes in Colombia (Arauca), W Venezuela (W Portuguesa)

2 affinis von Berlepsch, 1888 vN Venezuela (Falcón to Miranda)

2 penicillata (von Spix, 1825) vE of Andes from Colombia (Meta) to Peru (Ucayali), NC Brazil (to W Maranhão); S Venezuela, the Guianas

2 albicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vE of Andes in N Bolivia (Pando) to C Brazil (Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais to São Paulo); NE Paraguay

TRICHOTHRAUPIS Cabanis, 1851 F - Tachyphonus quadricolor Vieillot, 1819; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 72). = Muscicapa melanops Vieillot, 1818 ¹²⁷

Trichothraupis melanops (Vieillot, 1818) Black-goggled Tanager

iE slope of Andes from N Peru to N Argentina, E Paraguay, SE Brazil (to S Bahia, N Rio Grande do Sul)

CORYPHOSPINGUS Cabanis, 1851 M - Fringilla cristata J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 73). = Fringilla cucullata Statius Muller, 1776 ¹²⁸

Coryphospingus pileatus Pileated Finch

rostratus A.H. Miller, 1947 vC Colombia (upper Magdalena valley)

brevicaudus Cory, 1916 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.), N Venezuela (incl. Isla de Margarita)

pileatus (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1821) vC and E Brazil (C Mato Grosso, Ceará to Rio de Janeiro)

Coryphospingus cucullatus¹²⁹ Red-crested Finch

cucullatus (Statius Muller, 1776) vGuyana, Surinam, N Brazil (E Pará)

rubescens (Swainson, 1825) iC Brazil (S Mato Grosso, W Minas Gerais to São Paulo), NE Argentina (east of R. Paraná), Uruguay

fargoi Brodkorb, 1938 iS Ecuador, E Peru (upper Marañón valley, Urubamba valley), Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina

RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest, 1805 M - Tanagra bresilia Linnaeus, 1766; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 148).

Ramphocelus sanguinolentus¹³⁰ Crimson-collared Tanager

sanguinolentus (Lesson, 1831) vSE Mexico (Veracruz to Quintana Roo), Belize, Honduras

apricus (Bangs, 1908) vCaribbean slope of E Honduras to NW Panama

Ramphocelus nigrogularis (von Spix, 1825) Masked Crimson Tanager

vE of Andes in Colombia (Meta, Amazonas) to E Peru, east south of R. Amazon in Brazil (to E Pará)

Ramphocelus dimidiatus Crimson-backed Tanager

arestus Wetmore, 1957 vIsla de Coiba, off SW Panama

limatus Bangs, 1901 vArch. de las Perlas, off S Panama

dimidiatus Lafresnaye, 1837¹³¹ vPanama, N Colombia (to Valle, Norte de Santander), W Venezuela (Zulia, W slope of Andes)¹³²

molochinus Meyer de Schauensee, 1950¹³³ vN Colombia (upper Magdalena valley)

Ramphocelus melanogaster Black-bellied Tanager/Huallaga Tanager

melanogaster (Swainson, 1838) iN Peru (San Martín to NW Ucayali)

transitus J.T. Zimmer, 1929¹³⁴ vC Peru (San Martín, Huánuco)

Ramphocelus carbo¹³⁵ Silver-beaked Tanager

unicolor P.L. Sclater, 1856 iC Colombia (E base of Andes from Casanare to Meta)

capitalis J.A. Allen, 1892 vNE Venezuela (Sucre to Anzoátegui, Delta Amacuro)

magnirostris Lafresnaye, 1853 vNE Venezuela (SE Sucre); Trinidad

carbo (Pallas, 1764) iSE Colombia south to E Peru (Ucayali), east to Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil (south to Mato Grosso)

venezuelensis Lafresnaye, 1853 vE base of Andes in N and W Venezuela (Falcón, Miranda to Táchira), C Colombia (Arauca, Boyacá)

connectens von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 iC Peru (Pasco, Junín), NW Bolivia (Beni)

atrosericeus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 vN and E Bolivia

centralis Hellmayr, 1920 vEC Brazil (C Mato Grosso, Bahia to N São Paulo), NE Paraguay

Ramphocelus bresilius Brazilian Tanager

bresilius (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Brazil (coastal Paraíba to Bahia)

dorsalis P.L. Sclater, 1855 vSE Brazil (E Minas Gerais, S Bahia to NE Santa Catarina), NW Argentina (Misiones)

Ramphocelus passerinii^136,137 Scarlet-rumped Tanager/Passerini's Tanager

1 passerinii Bonaparte, 1831 iSE Mexico (SE Veracruz) to Belize, C Guatemala, on Caribbean coast to W Panama (Bocas del Toro)

2 costaricensis Cherrie, 1891 vPacific slope of Costa Rica (from Puntarenas) to W Panama (Chiriquí, Veraguas)

Ramphocelus flammigerus¹³⁸ Flame-rumped Tanager

1 icteronotus Bonaparte, 1838^139,140 vPanama, W and C Colombia (east to Santander), on Pacific coast to NW Peru (Tumbes)

2 flammigerus (Jardine & Selby, 1833) vW Colombia (Antioquia, Santander to Nariño)

LANIO Vieillot, 1816 M - Tangara mordoré Buffon; type by monotypy = Tangara fulva Boddaert, 1783 ¹⁴¹

Lanio versicolor White-winged Shrike Tanager

versicolor (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) iSouth of R. Amazon in E Peru (south of R. Marañón), W Brazil (east to R. Tapajós), N Bolivia

parvus von Berlepsch, 1912 vEC Brazil (south of R. Amazon from R. Tapajós, R. Tocantins to Mato Grosso), NE Bolivia

Lanio fulvus¹⁴² Fulvous Shrike Tanager

peruvianus Carriker, 1934 vE base of Andes in SW Venezuela (Táchira) to NE Peru (R. Marañón, R. Amazon, in San Martín, Loreto)

fulvus (Boddaert, 1783) vSE Venezuela (south of R. Orinoco), the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon to Amapá)

Lanio aurantius ¹⁴³ Lafresnaye, 1846 Black-throated Shrike Tanager

vSE Mexico (Caribbean slope C Veracruz to Yucatan Pen.), Belize, N and C Guatemala, Honduras

Lanio leucothorax White-throated Shrike Tanager

leucothorax Salvin, 1865¹⁴⁴ αiCaribbean slope Honduras to E Costa Rica

reversus Bangs & Griscom, 1932 vW Costa Rica (NW Puntarenas)

melanopygius Salvin & Godman, 1883 vSW Costa Rica, W Panama

ictus Kennard & J.L. Peters, 1927 vNW Panama (Almirante Bay)

RHODOSPINGUS Sharpe, 1888 M - Tiaris cruentus Lesson, 1844; type by monotypy ¹⁴⁵

Rhodospingus cruentus (Lesson, 1844) Crimson-breasted Finch

vCoastal slope of W Ecuador (Pichincha, Esmeraldas) to W Peru (S Lambayeque)

CHARITOSPIZA Oberholser, 1905 F - Fringilla ornata zu Wied-Neuwied, 1821; type by original designation = Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, 1905 ¹⁴⁶

Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, 1905 Coal-crested Finch

vEC Brazil (Pará, Piauí to SE Mato Grosso), NE Bolivia (N Santa Cruz), N Argentina (Santiago del Estero)

CYANERPES Oberholser, 1899 M - Certhia cyanea Linnaeus, 1766; type by original designation

Cyanerpes nitidus (Hartlaub, 1847) Short-billed Honeycreeper

vSE Colombia (Caquetá, Guainía), S Venezuela, the Guianas, to NE Peru, W Brazil (to NW Mato Grosso)

Cyanerpes lucidus Shining Honeycreeper

lucidus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1859) vCaribbean slope of S Mexico (Chiapas) to NE Nicaragua

isthmicus Bangs, 1907¹⁴⁷ αvCosta Rica to E Panama, NW Colombia

Cyanerpes caeruleus¹⁴⁸ Purple Honeycreeper

chocoanus Hellmayr, 1920 vE Panama (Darién), Pacific coast of Colombia, W Ecuador (to El Oro)

caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758) vColombia (E slope of E Andes in Boyacá), Venezuela, the Guianas, NC Brazil (to R. Tapajós, Maranhão)

hellmayri Gyldenstolpe, 1945 iGuyana

longirostris (Cabanis, 1851)¹⁴⁹ αvTrinidad

microrhynchus (von Berlepsch, 1884) vVenezuela, Colombia to N Bolivia (to Santa Cruz), Amazonian Brazil (WC Mato Grosso)

Cyanerpes cyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper

carneipes (P.L. Sclater, 1860)¹⁵⁰ αiSE Mexico (incl. Isla de Cozumel) to Panama (incl. Isla de Coiba, Arch. de las Perlas), NW Colombia

pacificus Chapman, 1915 vPacific coast of SW Colombia (S Chocó), W Ecuador (to Pichincha)

gigas Thayer & Bangs, 1905 iIsla Gorgona (off SW Colombia)

gemmeus Wetmore, 1941 vN Colombia (Guajira Pen.)

eximius (Cabanis, 1851)¹⁵¹ αvN Colombia (to Santander), N Venezuela (coastal mountain ranges, incl. Isla de Margarita)

tobagensis Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1914 vTobago

cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Venezuela (Monagas, E Bolívar); Trinidad; the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon west to R. Negro)

dispar J.T. Zimmer, 1942 iColombia (east of Andes from Meta), SW Venezuela (Amazonas), NW Brazil to NE Peru (S Loreto)

violaceus J.T. Zimmer, 1942 vSE Peru, N Bolivia, W Brazil (to Mato Grosso)

brevipes (Cabanis, 1851)¹⁵² αiNE Brazil (middle and lower R. Amazon to R. Tocantins)

holti Parkes, 1977^153,154 iCoastal E Brazil (Alagoas to Rio de Janeiro) [Parkes, 1977 #2930]

TERSINA Vieillot, 1819 F - Tersina caerulea Vieillot, 1819; type by monotypy = Hirundo viridis Illiger, 1811 ¹⁵⁵

Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager

grisescens Griscom, 1929 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

occidentalis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) vE Panama, Colombia, N Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, Ecuador to Bolivia, N and W Brazil, NW Argentina

viridis (Illiger, 1811) vE Brazil (Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul, inland to S Mato Grosso), NE Bolivia, Paraguay, NE Argentina

DACNIS Cuvier, 1816 F - Motacilla cayana Linnaeus, 1766; type by monotypy

Dacnis albiventris (P.L. Sclater, 1852) White-bellied Dacnis

vC and S Colombia (from Meta), S Venezuela (Amazonas) to NE Peru (Loreto, Ucayali); C Brazil (SW Pará)

Dacnis lineata¹⁵⁶ Black-faced Dacnis

1 egregia P.L. Sclater, 1855¹⁵⁷ vC Colombia (S Córdoba to Huila)

1 aequatorialis von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884¹⁵⁸ αvW Ecuador (Esmeraldas to El Oro)

2 albirostris Grantsau, 2010¹⁵⁹ vNW Brazil (west of upper R. Negro) [Grantsau, 2010 #12748]

2 lineata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vE Colombia, S and E Venezuela (south of R. Orinoco), the Guianas, E Ecuador, E Peru, NW Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil (east to E and NE Pará, EC Mato Grosso)

Dacnis flaviventer ¹⁶⁰ d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Yellow-bellied Dacnis

iSE Colombia (Caquetá) to Bolivia (Santa Cruz), S Venezuela, W Brazil (to R. Negro, Pará, Mato Grosso)

Dacnis hartlaubi P.L. Sclater, 1855 Turquoise Dacnis

iW and C Colombia (Antioquia, Santander to Huila)

Dacnis nigripes von Pelzeln, 1856 Black-legged Dacnis

iSE Brazil (Espírito Santo to NE Santa Catarina)

Dacnis venusta Scarlet-thighed Dacnis

venusta Lawrence, 1862 vMountains of Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to C Panama (C Panamá)

fuliginata Bangs, 1908 vE Panama (Darién), W Colombia (to Antioquia), on Pacific slope to NW Ecuador (Pichincha)

Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis

callaina Bangs, 1905 vW Costa Rica, SW Panama (Chiriquí)

ultramarina Lawrence, 1864 vCaribbean slope of E Honduras to Panama and NW Colombia (W side of Golfo de Urabá)

napaea Bangs, 1898 vN Colombia (E side of Golfo de Urabá to Santa Marta region, lower Magdalena valley)

baudoana Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 vPacific coast of W Colombia, W Ecuador (Pichincha)

caerebicolor P.L. Sclater, 1851¹⁶¹ δiC Colombia (lower Cauca valley, middle and upper Magdalena valley)

cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Colombia (from Meta), Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, C Brazil

glaucogularis von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 vS Colombia (from Caquetá), E Ecuador, E Peru, E Bolivia

paraguayensis C. Chubb, 1910 vE and S Brazil (Maranhão, Ceará to Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Dacnis viguieri Oustalet, 1883 Viridian Dacnis

iE Panama (E Darién), NW Colombia (SW Córdoba, NW Antioquia, N Chocó)

Dacnis berlepschi E. Hartert, 1900 Scarlet-breasted Dacnis

iPacific slope of SW Colombia (Nariño), NW Ecuador (to Pichincha)

SPOROPHILA Cabanis, 1844 F - Pyrrhula falcirostris Temminck, 1820; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1841, A List of the Genera of Birds, ed. 2, p. 63). ^162,163,164

Sporophila bouvronides ^165,166 (Lesson, 1831) Lesson's Seedeater

N Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, Tobago >> N Brazil to Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz)

Sporophila lineola ¹⁶⁷ (Linnaeus, 1758) Lined Seedeater

iNE Brazil, SE Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina, S Brazil >> N South America

Sporophila leucoptera¹⁶⁸ White-bellied Seedeater

1 mexianae Hellmayr, 1912 iS Surinam, NE Brazil (S Amapá, Ilha Mexiana in NE Pará)

1 cinereola (Temminck, 1820) vE Brazil (Maranhão, Paraíba to Rio de Janeiro)

1 leucoptera (Vieillot, 1817) vC Brazil (Goiás, Minas Gerais to Mato Grosso), Paraguay, N Argentina (Formosa to Santa Fé)

2 bicolor (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) iNE Bolivia (La Paz, Beni, Santa Cruz)

Sporophila peruviana Parrot-billed Seedeater

devronis (J. Verreaux, 1852) iCoastal W Ecuador (Manabí) to NW Peru (Tumbes)

peruviana (Lesson, 1842) vCoastal W Peru (La Libertad to Ica)

Sporophila telasco ¹⁶⁹ (Lesson, 1828) Chestnut-throated Seedeater

iPacific slope from S Colombia to N Chile

Sporophila simplex (Taczanowski, 1874) Drab Seedeater

iS Ecuador (Azuay, Loja), W Peru (upper Marañón valley, Andes from La Libertad to Ica)

Sporophila castaneiventris ¹⁷⁰ Cabanis, 1849 Chestnut-bellied Seedeater

vThe Guianas, E Colombia, S Venezuela, to N Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil (to NW Mato Grosso)

Sporophila minuta¹⁷¹ Ruddy-breasted Seedeater

parva (Lawrence, 1883) vSW Costa Rica, Panama (pacific slope)

centralis Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1918 vN Colombia to NW Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil (to N Pará)

minuta (Linnaeus, 1758) vBolivia, Paraguay, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais to N Rio Grande do Sul), N Argentina, W Uruguay

Sporophila nigrorufa (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Black-and-tawny Seedeater

vE Bolivia (NE Beni, E Santa Cruz), SW Brazil (W Mato Grosso)

Sporophila bouvreuil ¹⁷² (Statius Muller, 1776) Copper Seedeater

S Surinam; E Brazil (mouth of R. Amazon, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte to Goiás, Rio de Janeiro)

Sporophila cinnamomea ¹⁷³ (Lafresnaye, 1839) Chestnut Seedeater

vSE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, NE Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Ríos), Uruguay

Sporophila melanogaster (von Pelzeln, 1870) Black-bellied Seedeater

iSE Brazil (E Santa Catarina, NE Rio Grande do Sul) >> C Brazil (C Goiás, W Minas Gerais)

Sporophila hypochroma Todd, 1915 Rufous-rumped Seedeater

iBolivia, S Brazil (S Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, N Argentina, Uruguay

Sporophila pileata ^174,175 (P.L. Sclater, 1865) Pearly-bellied Seedeaterα

vS Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina

Sporophila palustris ^176,177 (Barrows, 1883) Marsh Seedeater

vNE Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Ríos), S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay (Concepción, Itapúa); SE Uruguay (Rocha) [Narosky, 1977 #2750]

Sporophila hypoxantha Cabanis, 1851 Tawny-bellied Seedeater

vBolivia, S Brazil (S Mato Grosso, S Goiás), Paraguay, N Argentina (to N Buenos Aires), Uruguay

Sporophila ruficollis ¹⁷⁸ Cabanis, 1851 Dark-throated Seedeater

vS Brazil, E Bolivia to N Argentina

Sporophila funerea^179,180 Thick-billed Seed Finch

funerea (P.L. Sclater, 1860)¹⁸¹ αvSE Mexico in Caribbean lowlands to Nicaragua

salvini (Ridgway, 1884)¹⁸² iS Nicaragua, Costa Rica (except SW), Panama (Caribbean coast) [Nutting, 1884 #2792]

ochrogyne Olson, 1981¹⁸³ iSW Costa Rica, Panama (Pacific slope) to W and N Colombia, NW Venezuela [Olson, 1981 #2840]

fractor Olson, 2007 Isla de Coiba, off SW Panama [Olson, 2007 #10629]

aethiops (P.L. Sclater, 1860)¹⁸⁴ iSW Colombia (Nariño), W Ecuador [Sclater, 1862 #3550]

Sporophila angolensis ¹⁸⁵ (Linnaeus, 1766) Chestnut-bellied Seed Finch

vNC and E Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, Brazil to E Peru, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina

Sporophila nuttingi ¹⁸⁶ (Ridgway, 1884) Nicaraguan Seed Finch

Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua to W Panama (Bocas del Toro)

Sporophila maximiliani¹⁸⁷ Great-billed Seed Finch

parkesi Olson, 1981¹⁸⁸ E Venezuela (Sucre to Delta Amacuro, Bolívar along R. Orinoco), the Guianas, N Brazil (Amapá, N Pará) [Olson, 1981 #2840]

maximiliani (Cabanis, 1851) iC and E Brazil (Goiás, Bahia to C Mato Grosso, N São Paulo)

Sporophila crassirostris Large-billed Seed Finch

crassirostris (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vVenezuela, the Guianas, E Colombia, NE Peru, Amazonian Brazil; Trinidad

occidentalis (P.L. Sclater, 1860)¹⁸⁹ vPacific slope of Colombia to SW Ecuador

Sporophila atrirostris¹⁹⁰ Black-billed Seed Finch

atrirostris (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1878) vS Colombia to N Peru (San Martín, Loreto, Ucayali)

gigantirostris (J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1939)¹⁹¹ vSE Peru (Madre de Dios), N Bolivia (Beni; C Santa Cruz)

Sporophila corvina^192,193 Variable Seedeater

corvina (P.L. Sclater, 1860)¹⁹⁴ vS Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca), Belize, Guatemala on Caribbean slope to W Panama

hoffmanni Cabanis, 1861^195,196 δiPacific slope of Costa Rica to W Panama [Cabanis, 1861 #4358]

hicksii (Lawrence, 1865)^197,198 iPacific slope of Panama to W Colombia (Córdoba to Cauca) [Lawrence, 1865 #2338]

ophthalmica (P.L. Sclater, 1860) vSW Colombia (Nariño) to NW Peru (La Libertad)

Sporophila intermedia¹⁹⁹ Gray Seedeater

insularis (Gilliard, 1946)²⁰⁰ vVenezuela (north of R. Orinoco); Trinidad

intermedia Cabanis, 1851 vN Colombia (Caribbean coast, lower Magdalena valley), N Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil (Roraima)

bogotensis (Gilliard, 1946)²⁰¹ vW Colombia (W slope of W Andes to Cauca)

Sporophila americana²⁰² Wing-barred Seedeater

americana (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vNE Venezuela (Sucre to Delta Amacuro), the Guianas, N Brazil (Amapá, NE Pará); Tobago

dispar Todd, 1922 iAmazonian Brazil (middle and lower bank of R. Amazon from R. Juruá to Santarém)

Sporophila murallae ²⁰³ Chapman, 1915 Caquetá Seedeater

iSE Colombia (Amazonas), E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil (Amazonas)

Sporophila torqueola²⁰⁴ White-collared Seedeater

1 sharpei Lawrence, 1889 iS USA (S Texas), NE Mexico (Nuevo León to N Veracruz)

1 morelleti (Bonaparte, 1850)^205,206 iS Mexico (from N Veracruz, incl. Isla Mujeres, off Quintana Roo) to W Panama

2 atriceps (S.F. Baird, 1867)²⁰⁷ W Mexico (Pacific lowlands of C Sinaloa to N Jalisco; S Baja California) [Lawrence, 1867 #6835]

2 torqueola (Bonaparte, 1850)²⁰⁸ iC Mexico (Jalisco, W Puebla to S Oaxaca)

Sporophila fringilloides ²⁰⁹ (von Pelzeln, 1870) White-naped Seedeater

SE Colombia (Guainía, Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas), NW Brazil (to Manaus); S Guyana

Sporophila luctuosa (Lafresnaye, 1843) Black-and-white Seedeater

vAndes of W Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia (La Paz to Santa Cruz)

Sporophila nigricollis²¹⁰ Yellow-bellied Seedeater

nigricollis (Vieillot, 1823) vS Costa Rica to Colombia, E Ecuador, Venezuela to Surinam, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, Brazil, E Bolivia, NE Argentina

olivacea von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1884²¹¹ vSW Colombia (Nariño), W Ecuador

inconspicua von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906 vAndes of Peru (W slope to Lambayeque, E slope to Cuzco)

ardesiaca (A.J.C. Dubois, 1894)²¹² vSE Brazil (SE Bahia to Rio de Janeiro)

Sporophila caerulescens Double-collared Seedeater

caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823) iE Bolivia, SC and SE Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina (south to La Pampa), Uruguay >> north to E Peru and C Brazil

hellmayri Wolters, 1939 iE Brazil (S Bahia)

yungae Gyldenstolpe, 1941 iBolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba)

Sporophila schistacea²¹³ Slate-colored Seedeater

schistacea (Lawrence, 1862)²¹⁴ vBelize to Panama, N Colombia (incl. W slope of E Andes)

incerta Riley, 1914 vW Colombia (Pacific slope of Andes from Caldas) to N Ecuador (To Pichincha)

longipennis C. Chubb, 1921 vE Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil, N and E Peru, NW Bolivia

Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck, 1820) Temminck's Seedeater

vE Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones), SE Brazil (S Bahia to Paraná)

Sporophila frontalis (J. Verreaux, 1869) Buffy-fronted Seedeater

vSE Brazil (S Bahia to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay (Alto Paraná), NE Argentina (Misiones)

Sporophila plumbea Plumbeous Seedeater

colombiana (Sharpe, 1888) vN Colombia (S Chocó, lower Magdalena valley, Santa Marta Mts.)

whiteleyana (Sharpe, 1888) vE Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (to mouth of Amazon)

plumbea (zu Wied, 1830)²¹⁵ vSE Peru, N Bolivia, Brazil (south of R. Amazon), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Sporophila beltoni Repenning & Fontana, 2013 Tropeiro Seedeater

SE Brazil (NE Paraná S to NE Rio Grande do Sul) >> W Minas Gerais, E Goiás, SW Bahia [Repenning, 2013 #15185]

Sporophila collaris Rusty-collared Seedeater

ochrascens Hellmayr, 1904 iBolivia (La Paz, Beni, Santa Cruz), SC Brazil (Mato Grosso to W São Paulo)

collaris (Boddaert, 1783) vE Brazil (S Goiás, SE Bahia to Rio de Janeiro)

melanocephala (Vieillot, 1817) vParaguay, Argentina (to La Rioja, Buenos Aires), SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay

Sporophila albogularis (von Spix, 1825) White-throated Seedeater

vNE Brazil (Piauí, Pernambuco, N Bahia)

SALTATRICULA Burmeister, 1861 F - Saltator multicolor Burmeister, 1860; type by original designation and monotypy ²¹⁶

Saltatricula multicolor (Burmeister, 1860) Many-colored Chaco Finch

iSE Bolivia, W Paraguay (west of R. Paraguay), N Argentina (C Mendoza to S Santa Fé), NW Uruguay

Saltatricula atricollis ²¹⁷ (Vieillot, 1817) Black-throated Saltator

vC Brazil (N Ceará, Maranhão to N São Paulo, S Minas Gerais), E Bolivia, NE Paraguay

SALTATOR Vieillot, 1816 M - Grand Tanagra Buffon; type by monotypy = Tanagra maxima Statius Muller, 1776 ^218,219,220

Saltator maximus²²¹ Buff-throated Saltator

gigantodes Cabanis, 1851 iE and S Mexico (Caribbean slope from Veracruz to Tabasco)

magnoides Lafresnaye, 1844 iS Mexico (Chiapas, S Campeche, S Quintana Roo), on Caribbean slope from Belize to NW Panama

intermedius Lawrence, 1864 vSW Costa Rica, Panama (east to C Panamá)

iungens Griscom, 1929 iE Panama (east from Colón), NW Colombia (to lower R. Cauca)

maximus (Statius Muller, 1776) vColombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil (to Mato Grosso; Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro), Bolivia

Saltator atriceps Black-headed Saltator

atriceps (Lesson, 1832) iE Mexico (Caribbean slope from Tamaulipas to N Veracruz); N Guatemala to E Costa Rica

suffuscus Wetmore, 1942 vE Mexico (SE Veracruz)

flavicrissus Griscom, 1937 iSW Mexico (Guerrero to C Oaxaca)

peeti Brodkorb, 1940 iS Mexico (Pacific slope of E Oaxaca, Chiapas)

raptor (S. Cabot, 1845) iSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen.)

lacertosus Bangs, 1900 vE Costa Rica, Panama (east to C Panamá)

Saltator atripennis ^222,223 P.L. Sclater, 1856 Black-winged Saltator

vW Andes, W slope of C Andes and W slope of E Andes of Colombia, W slope of Andes of Ecuador

Saltator orenocensis Orinoco Saltator

rufescens Todd, 1912 iNE Colombia (Guajira Pen.), W Venezuela (Zulia to C Falcón, N Lara)

orenocensis Lafresnaye, 1846 vNE Colombia (Arauca), Venezuela (east of Andes from Cojedes, Apure to Delta Amacuro, N Bolívar)

Saltator coerulescens^224,225 Grayish Saltator

vigorsii G.R. Gray, 1844 iW Mexico (S Sonora to N Jalisco)

plumbiceps S.F. Baird, 1867^226,227 iWC Mexico (C Jalisco to W Oaxaca) [Lawrence, 1867 #6835]

grandis (Deppe, 1830) vE Mexico (Caribbean slope from S Tamaulipas, except Yucatán), to W Panama

yucatanensis von Berlepsch, 1912 vSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen., E Tabasco, NE Chiapas)

hesperis Griscom, 1930 vPacific slope of S Mexico (E Oaxaca, Chiapas) to W Nicaragua

brevicaudus van Rossem, 1931 iW Costa Rica

plumbeus Bonaparte, 1853 vN Colombia (Caribbean cost from R. Sinú to lower Magdalena valley)

brewsteri Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1918 iNE Colombia (Norte de Santander, Arauca), Venezuela, Trinidad

olivascens Cabanis, 1849²²⁸ iSE Venezuela (SE Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil

azarae d'Orbigny, 1839 iE Colombia (Amazonas), N Brazil (east to R. Negro, R. Madeira), E Ecuador, E Peru, NE Bolivia (Beni)

mutus P.L. Sclater, 1856 vN Brazil (from R. Amazon to Amapá, Maranhão)

superciliaris (von Spix, 1825) vNE Brazil (S Piauí to N Minas Gerais)

coerulescens Vieillot, 1817 δiE Bolivia, SW Brazil (Mato Grosso), N Argentina (to N Buenos Aires), Paraguay, W Uruguay

Saltator striatipectus Streaked Saltator

furax Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1919 iSW Costa Rica, W Panama (W Chiriquí)

isthmicus P.L. Sclater, 1861 vPanama

scotinus Wetmore, 1957 vIsla de Coiba, Isla Coibita (off SW Panama)

melicus Wetmore, 1952 vIsla Taboga (off C Panama)

speratus Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1919 vArch. de las Perlas (off C Panama)

striatipectus Lafresnaye, 1847²²⁹ δiE Panama (Darién), W Colombia (west of Andes), N Ecuador

perstriatus Parkes, 1959 vNE Colombia (Magdalena, NE Bolívar, Norte de Santander), N Venezuela (to Monagas), Trinidad

flavidicollis P.L. Sclater, 1860²³⁰ vW Ecuador, NW Peru (Piura)

immaculatus von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892 vW Peru (Lambayeque to Ica)

peruvianus Cory, 1916 vSE Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), NE Peru (upper Marañón valley in Cajamarca, La Libertad)

Saltator albicollis Lesser Antillean Saltator

albicollis Vieillot, 1817 vMartinique, St. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)

guadelupensis Lafresnaye, 1844²³¹ vGuadeloupe, Dominica (Lesser Antilles)

Saltator similis Green-winged Saltator

similis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 vSE Brazil (Mato Grosso, Bahia to São Paulo), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (to Buenos Aires), N Uruguay

ochraceiventris von Berlepsch, 1912 vSE Brazil (Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul)

Saltator nigriceps ²³² (Chapman, 1914) Black-cowled Saltator

iS Ecuador (El Oro, Loja), NW Peru (Piura, Cajamarca)

Saltator maxillosus Cabanis, 1851 Thick-billed Saltator

vSE Brazil (SE Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina (Misiones)

Saltator aurantiirostris²³³ Golden-billed Saltator

iteratus Chapman, 1927 vN Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas, La Libertad, Ancash)

albociliaris (R.A. Philippi, Sr. & Landbeck, 1861) vC and S Peru (Ancash, Huánuco to Puno, Tacna), N Chile (Arica)

hellmayri J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1939 iBolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba to N Tarija)

aurantiirostris Vieillot, 1817 vS Bolivia, N Argentina (to Buenos Aires), E Paraguay, S Brazil (S Mato Grosso, N Rio Grande do Sul)

parkesi J.M.C. Silva, 1990 iE Argentina (Entre Ríos), SE Brazil (S Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay [Silva, 1990 #656]

nasica Wetmore & J.L. Peters, 1922 iW Argentina (La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, La Pampa)

Saltator cinctus J.T. Zimmer, 1943 Masked Saltator

vDisjunct populations in Colombia, Ecuador, N Peru

Saltator grossus^234,235 Slate-colored Grosbeak

saturatus (Todd, 1922) vCaribbean slope of Honduras to Panama (east of Veraguas also Pacific slope), NW Colombia, W Ecuador

grossus (Linnaeus, 1766) vSE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (to Mato Grosso, Maranhão), Ecuador, E Peru, Bolivia

Saltator fuliginosus ²³⁶ (Daudin, 1800) Black-throated Grosbeak

vE Brazil (Alagoas to N Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina (Misiones)

CORYPHASPIZA G.R. Gray, 1840 F - Leptonyx melanotis Swainson, 1838; type by original designation = Emberizoides melanotis Temminck, 1822 ²³⁷

Coryphaspiza melanotis Black-masked Finch

marajoara Sick, 1967 iIlha de Marajó, in Pará N Brazil

melanotis (Temminck, 1822) vSE Peru, N Bolivia, C Brazil (E Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais to São Paulo)E Paraguay, NE Argentina

EMBERNAGRA Lesson, 1831 F - Tanagra dumetorum Lesson, 1831; type by monotypy = Emberiza platensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 ²³⁸

Embernagra platensis^239,240,241 Pampa Finch

1 platensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vN Bolivia (Beni), C and E Paraguay, E Argentina (to Río Negro), SE Brazil (from Minas Gerais), Uruguay

2 olivascens d'Orbigny, 1839 iSE Bolivia (La Paz, W Santa Cruz to Potosí, Tarija), W Paraguay, NW Argentina (to Córdoba)

2 catamarcana Nores, 1986^242,243 δvNW Argentina (C Catamarca) [Nores, 1986 #2780]

2 gossei C. Chubb, 1918²⁴⁴ WC Argentina (San Juan, Mendoza, San Luis)

Embernagra longicauda Strickland, 1844 Serra Finch

iE Brazil (highlands of C Bahia, C Minas Gerais, SW Espírito Santo)

EMBERIZOIDES Temminck, 1822 M - Emberizoides marginalis Temminck, 1822; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 43). = Sylvia herbicola Vieillot, 1817 ²⁴⁵

Emberizoides herbicola^246,247,248 Wedge-tailed Grass Finch

1 hypochondriacus Hellmayr, 1906^249,250 vSW Costa Rica, W and C Panama

1 apurensis Gilliard, 1940 vLowland W Venezuela (Portuguesa, Guárico to Apure)

1 sphenurus (Vieillot, 1818) vColombia, S Ecuador, N Peru, Venezuela, the Guianas, NE Brazil (to N Maranhão)

2 herbicola (Vieillot, 1817) iSE Peru (Pampas de Heath), C and E Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso to Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul), N Argentina, N Uruguay

Emberizoides ypiranganus ^251,252 H. & R. von Ihering, 1907 Lesser Grass Finchα

vParaguay (east of R. Paraguay), NE Argentina, SE Brazil, N and C Uruguay [von Ihering, 1907 #4047]

Emberizoides duidae ²⁵³ Chapman, 1929 Duida Grass Finch

iS Venezuela (Cerro Duida, in Amazonas)

XENOSPINGUS Cabanis, 1867 M - Sylvia concolor d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by original designation ²⁵⁴

Xenospingus concolor (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Slender-billed Finch

iC Peru (S Lima) to NW Chile (N Antofagasta)

PIEZORINA Lafresnaye, 1843 F - Guiraca cinerea Lafresnaye, 1843; type by original designation ^255,256

Piezorina cinerea (Lafresnaye, 1843) Cinereous Finch

vNW Peru (Tumbes to La Libertad)

PSEUDOSPINGUS von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 M - Dacnis xanthophthalma Taczanowski, 1874; type by subsequent designation (Richmond, 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 710).²⁵⁷

Pseudospingus verticalis ²⁵⁸ (Lafresnaye, 1840) Black-headed Hemispingus

vAndes of SW Venezuela (Táchira), S and C Colombia (from Antioquia), E Ecuador, N Peru (Piura)

Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus (Taczanowski, 1874) Drab Hemispingus

vE slope of Andes in Peru (south of Marañón valley) to W Bolivia (La Paz)

CNEMOSCOPUS Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1919 M - Arremon rubrirostris Lafresnaye, 1840; type by original designation

Cnemoscopus rubrirostris²⁵⁹ Gray-hooded Bush Tanager

1 rubrirostris (Lafresnaye, 1840) vAndes of SW Venezuela (Táchira), Colombia, E Ecuador

2 chrysogaster (Taczanowski, 1875)²⁶⁰ αiAndes in N and E Peru (Piura, Amazonas to Junín), W Bolivia (La Paz)

POOSPIZA Cabanis, 1847 F - Emberiza nigrorufa d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 75). ^261,262

Poospiza thoracica ²⁶³ (von Nordmann, 1835) Bay-chested Warbling Finch

vSE Brazil (Minas Gerais/Rio de Janeiro border, highlands from São Paulo to NE Rio Grande do Sul)

Poospiza hispaniolensis ²⁶⁴ Bonaparte, 1850 Collared Warbling Finch

vSW Ecuador (from SW Manabí), coastal slope of W Peru (Tumbes to Arequipa)

Poospiza rubecula Salvin, 1895 Rufous-breasted Warbling Finch

iW slope of Andes of Peru (S Cajamarca to Lima)

Poospiza boliviana Sharpe, 1888 Bolivian Warbling Finch

vAndes of W Bolivia to NW Argentina (Salta)

Poospiza ornata (Leybold, 1865) Cinnamon Warbling Finch

vC Argentina (San Juan to W Buenos Aires) >> NW Argentina (to Salta)

Poospiza nigrorufa²⁶⁵ Black-and-rufous Warbling Finch

1 nigrorufa (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vSE Brazil (Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, NE Argentina (to Buenos Aires) >> SE Paraguay

2 whitii P.L. Sclater, 1883 iBolivia, N and C Argentina (Jujuy to N Mendoza)

2 wagneri Stolzmann, 1926²⁶⁶ iW Bolivia (La Paz)

OROSPINGUS Riley, 1922 M - Chlorospingus goeringi Sclater & Salvin, 1870; type by original designation and monotypy²⁶⁷

Orospingus goeringi ²⁶⁸ (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1871) Slaty-backed Hemispingusα

SW Venezuela (Andes of Mérida, Táchira)

Orospingus rufosuperciliaris (Blake & Hocking, 1974) Rufous-browed Hemispingus

vE slope of Andes in N Peru (Amazonas, San Martín) [Blake, 1974 #325]

COMPSOSPIZA von Berlepsch, 1893 F - Compsospiza garleppi von Berlepsch, 1893; type by monotypy²⁶⁹

Compsospiza garleppi ²⁷⁰ von Berlepsch, 1893 Cochabamba Mountain Finch

C Bolivia (Cochabamba, N Potosí)

Compsospiza baeri (Oustalet, 1904) Tucuman Mountain Finch

S Bolivia (S Tarija), NW Argentina (Andes from Jujuy to La Rioja)

HEMISPINGUS Cabanis, 1851 M - Arremon superciliaris Lafresnaye, 1840; type by original designation ²⁷¹

Hemispingus reyi (von Berlepsch, 1885) Gray-capped Hemispingus

iSW Venezuela (Andes of Trujillo to Táchira)

Hemispingus atropileus ²⁷² (Lafresnaye, 1842) Black-capped Hemispingus

SW Venezuela (S Táchira), Colombia, Ecuador, NW Peru (N Piura)

Hemispingus auricularis ²⁷³ (Cabanis, 1873) White-browed Hemispingus

vPeru (E slope of Andes from Marañón valley to Cuzco)

Hemispingus calophrys ²⁷⁴ (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) Orange-browed Hemispingus

iS Peru (E slope of Andes in Puno), W Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba)

Hemispingus parodii Weske & Terborgh, 1974 Parodi's Hemispingus

iE slope of Andes in S Peru (Cordilleras Vilcabamba and Vilcanota, Cuzco) [Weske, 1974 #4124]

Hemispingus superciliaris²⁷⁵ Eyebrowed Hemispingus

1 chrysophrys (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1875) iSW Venezuela (Andes of Trujillo to Táchira)

2 superciliaris (Lafresnaye, 1840) vC Colombia (E Andes of Santander to Cundinamarca)

2 nigrifrons (Lawrence, 1875) iSW Colombia (C Andes of Antioquia to Nariño), Ecuador (to Azuay, Morona-Santiago)

2 maculifrons J.T. Zimmer, 1947 iW slope of Andes of S Ecuador (El Oro), NW Peru (Cajamarca)

2 urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1947 iE slope of Andes in Peru (from Cuzco) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

3 insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vE slope of Andes in Peru (Amazonas to Junín)

3 leucogastrus (Taczanowski, 1874) vE slope of Andes in Peru (Junín)

SPHENOPSIS P.L. Sclater, 1862 F - Sphenopsis ignobilis P.L. Sclater, 1862; type by original designation and monotypy^276,277

Sphenopsis frontalis²⁷⁸ Oleaginous Hemispingus

1 ignobilis P.L. Sclater, 1862²⁷⁹ αvSW Venezuela (Andes of Lara to N Táchira)

1 flavidorsalis (W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1953) vNW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá)

1 hanieli (Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1914) iN Venezuela (Aragua to Miranda)

1 iterata (Chapman, 1925) vNE Venezuela (mountains of Sucre, Monagas)

2 frontalis (von Tschudi, 1844) vColombia (from Antioquia, Cundinamarca to Cauca), Ecuador, Peru (to C Cuzco)

Sphenopsis melanotis Black-eared Hemispingus

1 melanotis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) vAndes of SW Venezuela (Táchira), E Colombia (from Santander), E Ecuador

1 berlepschi (Taczanowski, 1880) iE Peru (E slope of Andes from Amazonas to N Cuzco)

1 castaneicollis (P.L. Sclater, 1858) vSE Peru (E slope of Andes from Puno) to C Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

2 ochracea (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884)²⁸⁰ vW slope of Andes in SW Colombia (Nariño), WC Ecuador (to Chimborazo)

3 piurae (Chapman, 1923)²⁸¹ iS Ecuador (S Loja), NW Peru (W Andes in Piura, Cajamarca)

3 macrophrys (Koepcke, 1961) iNW Peru (W slope of Andes in La Libertad)

PYRRHOCOMA Cabanis, 1851 F - Tachyphonus ruficeps Strickland, 1844; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 72). ²⁸²

Pyrrhocoma ruficeps (Strickland, 1844) Chestnut-headed Tanager

iNE Argentina (Misiones), SE Paraguay to SE Brazil (Espírito Santo to C Rio Grande do Sul)

THLYPOPSIS Cabanis, 1851 F - Nemosia fulvescens Strickland, 1844; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 74). = Nemosia sordida d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 ²⁸³

Thlypopsis fulviceps Fulvous-headed Tanager

fulviceps Cabanis, 1851 iN Venezuela (mountains from Carabobo to W Sucre)

obscuriceps W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1953 iSierra de Perijá, on Colombia/Venezuela border

meridensis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1962 vSW Venezuela (Mérida, N Táchira)

intensa Todd, 1917 vN Colombia (E slope of E Andes in Norte de Santander)

Thlypopsis ornata²⁸⁴ Rufous-chested Tanager

ornata (P.L. Sclater, 1859) vSW Colombia (W slope of C Andes from Cauca) to N Ecuador

media J.T. Zimmer, 1930 vE slope of Andes in S Ecuador (from Morona-Santiago) to C Peru (to Lima)

macropteryx von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 iC and S Peru (E slope of Andes from Junín to Cuzco)

Thlypopsis pectoralis (Taczanowski, 1884) Brown-flanked Tanager

vC Peru (E slope of Andes from Huánuco to Junín)

Thlypopsis sordida²⁸⁵ Orange-headed Tanager

orinocensis Friedmann, 1942 vS Venezuela (R. Orinoco in Amazonas, Bolívar)

chrysopis (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1880) vS Colombia (east of Andes), E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil (east to R. Madeira and R. Jiparaná)

sordida (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vE Brazil (south of R. Amazon to Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro), E Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay

Thlypopsis inornata (Taczanowski, 1879) Buff-bellied Tanager

vS Ecuador (S Zamora-Chinchipe), N Peru (Marañón, Huallaga and Utcubamba valleys in W Amazonas and Cajamarca)

Thlypopsis ruficeps (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Rust-and-yellow Tanager

iE slope of Andes from SC Peru (from Ayacucho) to NW Argentina (Tucumán)

MICROSPINGUS Taczanowski, 1874 M - Microspingus trifasciatus Taczanowski, 1874; type by monotypy²⁸⁶

Microspingus lateralis ²⁸⁷ (von Nordmann, 1835) Buff-throated Warbling Finch

vSE Brazil (mountains of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo to São Paulo)

Microspingus cabanisi ^288,289 (Bonaparte, 1850) Gray-throated Warbling Finch

S Paraguay, NE Argentina (south to NE Buenos Aires), SE Brazil (S São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay

Microspingus erythrophrys Rusty-browed Warbling Finch

cochabambae (Gyldenstolpe, 1941)²⁹⁰ iBolivia (Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz to Chuquisaca)

erythrophrys (P.L. Sclater, 1881) iS Bolivia (Tarija), NW Argentina (Jujuy to Catamarca)

Microspingus alticola (Salvin, 1895) Plain-tailed Warbling Finch

NW Peru (upper Marañón valley in S Cajamarca to Ancash)

Microspingus melanoleucus ²⁹¹ (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Black-capped Warbling Finch

vSE Bolivia, C Argentina (Jujuy, Formosa to San Luis), W Uruguay, SE Brazil (W Rio Grande do Sul)

Microspingus cinereus ^292,293 (Bonaparte, 1850) Cinereous Warbling Finch

vC Brazil (C Mato Grosso to Minas Gerais and N São Paulo)

Microspingus torquatus Ringed Warbling Finch

torquatus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vC Bolivia (highlands of La Paz to W Santa Cruz, N Chuquisaca)

pectoralis (Todd, 1922)²⁹⁴ vN and C Argentina (Jujuy, Formosa to NE Río Negro, W Buenos Aires) >> SE Bolivia, W Paraguay

Microspingus trifasciatus ²⁹⁵ Taczanowski, 1874 Three-striped Hemispingus

vE slope of Andes in C Peru (from Huánuco) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

NEPHELORNIS Lowery & Tallman, 1976 M - Nephelornis oneilli Lowery & Tallman, 1976; type by monotypy ²⁹⁶

Nephelornis oneilli Lowery & Tallman, 1976 Pardusco

iPeru (E slope of Andes from Amazonas to Huánuco) [Lowery, 1976 #2450]

UROTHRAUPIS Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885 F - Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885; type by monotypy ²⁹⁷

Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885 Black-backed Bush Tanager

iColombia (C Andes in Caldas, Cauca, Nariño) to SC Ecuador

CYPSNAGRA Lesson, 1831 F - Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, 1831; type by monotypy

Cypsnagra hirundinacea White-rumped Tanager

pallidigula Hellmayr, 1907 iNE Bolivia, C and E Brazil (R. Madeira to W Paraíba, south to N Mato Grosso, W Bahia); S Surinam; S French Guiana; NC Brazil (SC Amapá)

hirundinacea (Lesson, 1831) vE Bolivia, E Paraguay, S Brazil (S Mato Grosso, S Bahia to São Paulo)

DONACOSPIZA Cabanis, 1851 F - Sylvia albifrons Vieillot, 1817; type by monotypy ²⁹⁸

Donacospiza albifrons (Vieillot, 1817) Long-tailed Reed Finch

iBolivia, SE Paraguay, SE Brazil (from S Minas Gerais) to NE Argentina (to Buenos Aires), Uruguay

POOSPIZOPSIS von Berlepsch, 1893 F - Poospiza caesar P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869; type by original designation²⁹⁹

Poospizopsis hypocondria Rufous-sided Warbling Finch

hypocondria (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)³⁰⁰ δiAndes of Bolivia (La Paz to W Tarija)

affinis (von Berlepsch, 1906) vAndes of NW Argentina (Jujuy to N Mendoza)

Poospizopsis caesar (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869) Chestnut-breasted Warbling Finch

SE Peru (Andes of Apurímac, Cuzco)

INCASPIZA Ridgway, 1898 F - Haemophila pulchra P.L. Sclater, 1886; type by original designation ³⁰¹

Incaspiza pulchra ³⁰² (P.L. Sclater, 1886) Great Inca Finch

vW Peru (W slope of Andes in Ancash and Lima)

Incaspiza personata ³⁰³ (Salvin, 1895) Rufous-backed Inca Finch

vNW Peru (upper Marañón valley from S Cajamarca to Ancash)

Incaspiza ortizi J.T. Zimmer, 1952 Gray-winged Inca Finch

iNW Peru (NE Piura, C Cajamarca, NE La Libertad)

Incaspiza laeta (Salvin, 1895) Buff-bridled Inca Finch

vNW Peru (upper Marañón valley from S Cajamarca to La Libertad)

Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman, 1925 Little Inca Finch

iNW Peru (middle Marañón valley in NE Cajamarca, W Amazonas)

RHOPOSPINA Cabanis, 1851 F - Fringilla fruticeti von Kittlitz, 1833; type by monotypy³⁰⁴

Rhopospina fruticeti Mourning Sierra Finch

peruviana (J.T. Zimmer, 1924) vPeru (S Cajamarca to Puno), W Bolivia (La Paz)

coracina (P.L. Sclater, 1891)³⁰⁵ vSW Bolivia (Oruro, Potosí), N Chile (Arica, Tarapacá) [Sclater, 1891 #4434]

fruticeti (von Kittlitz, 1833) iChile (Arica to Magallanes), W Argentina (Salta to Santa Cruz)

Rhopospina caerulescens ³⁰⁶ (zu Wied, 1830) Blue Finch

C and E Brazil (S Mato Grosso, C Maranhão to Goiás, Minas Gerais), E Bolivia (E Beni, SE Santa Cruz)

Rhopospina carbonaria (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Carbon Finch

vC Argentina (Mendoza, Buenos Aires to Chubut) >> to NW Argentina (to S Salta)

Rhopospina alaudina³⁰⁷ Band-tailed Sierra Finch

1 bipartita (J.T. Zimmer, 1924) vEcuador, Peru (coastal slope), N Chile (Arica)

1 humboldti (Koepcke, 1963) iSW Ecuador, NW Peru

1 bracki (O'Neill & T.A. Parker, 1997)³⁰⁸ iC Peru (Huallaga valley) [O'Neill, 1997 #2799]

1 excelsa (von Berlepsch, 1907) vS Peru (Arequipa, Puno), W Bolivia [von Berlepsch, 1907 #15818]

2 alaudina (von Kittlitz, 1833) vC Chile (Antofagasta to Los Ríos)

2 venturii (E. Hartert, 1909) iNW Argentina (Jujuy to Catamarca; Córdoba, San Luis)

COEREBA Vieillot, 1809 F - Certhia flaveola Linnaeus, 1758; type by monotypy ^309,310

Coereba flaveola³¹¹ Bananaquit

mexicana (P.L. Sclater, 1857) vSE Mexico (C Veracruz) to W Panama (incl. Isla de Coiba)

cerinoclunis Bangs, 1901 iArch. de las Perlas, off S Panama

columbiana (Cabanis, 1866)³¹² αvC Panama (C Panamá) to C and SW Colombia (Andes of Antioquia to Huila), S Venezuela (NW Amazonas)

gorgonae Thayer & Bangs, 1905 iIsla Gorgona (off SW Colombia)

caucae Chapman, 1914 iW Colombia (upper Cauca valley, C and W Andes of Caldas to Cauca)

intermedia (Salvadori & Festa, 1899) vSW Colombia (Nariño), W Ecuador, N Peru (San Martín, Loreto), W Brazil, S Venezuela (SW Amazonas)

magnirostris (Taczanowski, 1880)³¹³ αvPeru (upper Marañón valley from Piura to La Libertad)

pacifica P.R. Lowe, 1912 vW Peru (Lambayeque to Ancash)

dispar J.T. Zimmer, 1942 iC Peru (San Martín) to Bolivia (La Paz)

caboti (S.F. Baird, 1873)³¹⁴ iSE Mexico (Quintana Roo and nearby islands)

tricolor (Ridgway, 1884)³¹⁵ αiIsla de Providencia, off E Nicaragua

oblita Griscom, 1923 vIsla de San Andrés, off E Nicaragua

sharpei (Cory, 1886) iGrand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac (Cayman Is.)

bahamensis (Reichenbach, 1853) vBahamas (Grand Bahama, Little Abaco to Great Inagua), Grand Turk

flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) vJamaica

bananivora (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vHispaniola, Ile de la Gonâve, Ile Petite Cayemite, Ile-à-Vache

nectarea Wetmore, 1929 vIle de la Tortue, off Haiti

portoricensis (H. Bryant, 1866) vPuerto Rico

sanctithomae (Sundevall, 1869)³¹⁶ αiVieques I., Isla de Culebra (off Puerto Rico), Virgin Is.

newtoni (S.F. Baird, 1873) iSt. Croix (Virgin Is.)

bartholemica (Sparrman, 1788) vN Lesser Antilles (Anguilla to Dominica)

martinicana (Reichenbach, 1853) vMartinique, St. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)

barbadensis (S.F. Baird, 1873) vBarbados (S Lesser Antilles)

atrata (Lawrence, 1878) vSt. Vincent (S Lesser Antilles)

aterrima (Lesson, 1830) vGrenada and the Grenadines (S Lesser Antilles)

uropygialis von Berlepsch, 1892 vAruba, Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles)

bonairensis Voous, 1955 vBonaire (Netherlands Antilles)

melanornis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1954 iCayo de Sal, off N Venezuela

lowii Cory, 1909 iIslas Los Roques, off N Venezuela

ferryi Cory, 1909 iIsla La Tortuga, off N Venezuela

frailensis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1946 vIslas Los Hermanos, off N Venezuela

laurae P.R. Lowe, 1908 iIslas Los Testigos, off N Venezuela

luteola (Cabanis, 1851) vN Colombia (Caribbean coast of Bolívar, Magdalena), N Venezuela; Trinidad and Tobago

obscura Cory, 1913 vW Venezuela (Lake Maracaibo, SE Zulia, Andean foothills of Mérida, Táchira), Colombia (Norte de Santander)

montana P.R. Lowe, 1912 vW Venezuela (Andes of Mérida, Táchira, above 1200 m.)

bolivari J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1946 iE Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, N and E Bolívar)

guianensis (Cabanis, 1851) vC Venezuela (lower Cauca valley), Guyana

roraimae Chapman, 1929 iS Venezuela (Amazonas, S Bolívar), Cerros Roraima, Uei-tepui (Guyana, SE Venezuela)

minima (Bonaparte, 1854) vE Colombia (Guainía), S Venezuela (S Amazonas), the Guianas, NC Brazil (north of Amazon, to Pará)

chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851) vC Peru (Huánuco), C Bolivia, SE Brazil (to Ceará, Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina, N Uruguay

alleni P.R. Lowe, 1912 iE Bolivia (Santa Cruz) to C Brazil (Mato Grosso)

TIARIS Swainson, 1827 M - Tiaris pusillus Swainson, 1827; type by monotypy ^317,318

Tiaris olivaceus Yellow-faced Grassquit

pusillus Swainson, 1827 vAtlantic slope of Mexico to Colombia (W of E Andes, excl. Santa Marta region), Ecuador, W Venezuela

intermedius (Ridgway, 1885) vIsla de Cozumel, off E Mexico

ravidus Wetmore, 1957 vIsla de Coiba, off SW Panama

olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766) vCuba, Isla de la Juventud, Jamaica, Hispaniola³¹⁹

bryanti (Ridgway, 1898) iPuerto Rico and nearby islands

Tiaris obscurus³²⁰ Dull-colored Grassquit

haplochroma (Todd, 1912) iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.), N Venezuela (Carabobo to Monagas), Andes to Colombia (to Cauca)

pauper (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884)³²¹ iS Colombia (Nariño), on W slope of Andes to NW Peru (La Libertad, on E slope to San Martín)

obscurus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vC Peru (E slope of Andes from San Martín) to Bolivia, NW Argentina (to Tucumán)

pacificus (Koepcke, 1963) vW Peru (coastal slope of Ancash to Arequipa)

Tiaris fuliginosus ³²² (zu Wied, 1830) Sooty Grassquit

vVenezuela; Trinidad; S Guyana; E Brazil (Maranhão, Ceará to NE Goiás; Pernambuco to São Paulo)

EUNEORNIS Fitzinger, 1856 M - Motacilla campestris Linnaeus, 1758; type by original designation

Euneornis campestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Orangequit

vJamaica

MELOPYRRHA Bonaparte, 1853 F - Loxia nigra Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 82). ^323,324

Melopyrrha portoricensis Puerto Rican Bullfinch

portoricensis (Daudin, 1800) vPuerto Rico

†? grandis (Lawrence, 1881)³²⁵ vSt. Kitts (Lesser Antilles)

Melopyrrha violacea Greater Antillean Bullfinch

violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) vBahamas

ofella (Buden, 1986)³²⁶ iMiddle Caicos, East Caicos (Caicos Is.) [Buden, 1986 #567]

maurella (Wetmore, 1929)³²⁷ vIle de la Tortue (off NW Hispaniola)

affinis (Ridgway, 1898)³²⁸ vHispaniola, Ile de la Gonâve, Ile-à-Vache, Isla Saona, Isla Beata, Isla Catalina

ruficollis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vJamaica

Melopyrrha nigra Cuban Bullfinch

nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) vCuba incl. nearby cays, Isla de la Juventud

taylori E. Hartert, 1896³²⁹ iGrand Cayman (Cayman Is.)

LOXIPASSER H. Bryant, 1866 M - Spermophila anoxantha Gosse, 1847; type by original designation ³³⁰

Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse, 1847) Yellow-shouldered Grassquit

vJamaica

PHONIPARA Bonaparte, 1850 F - Loxia canora J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 82).³³¹

Phonipara canora (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Cuban Grassquit

vCuba³³²

MELANOSPIZA Ridgway, 1897 F - Loxigilla richardsoni Cory, 1886; type by original designation ^333,334

Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory, 1886) St. Lucia Black Finch

iSt. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)

Melanospiza bicolor Black-faced Grassquit

bicolor (Linnaeus, 1766) iBahamas

marchii (S.F. Baird, 1864)³³⁵ αiJamaica, Hispaniola and nearby islands

omissa (Jardine, 1847) vPuerto Rico, Lesser Antilles to Tobago, N Colombia (Guajira Pen., W Santander), N Venezuela, Isla de Margarita

huilae (A.H. Miller, 1952) iC Colombia (Magdalena valley)

grandior (Cory, 1887) vIsla de Providencia, Isla Santa Catalina, Isla de San Andrés (W Caribbean)

johnstonei (P.R. Lowe, 1906) iIsla Blanquilla, Islas Los Hermanos (off N Venezuela)

sharpei (E. Hartert, 1893) iAruba, Curaçao, Bonaire

tortugensis (Cory, 1909) vIsla La Tortuga (off N Venezuela)

LOXIGILLA Lesson, 1831 F - Fringilla noctis Linnaeus, 1766; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 74). ^336,337

Loxigilla noctis Lesser Antillean Bullfinch

coryi (Ridgway, 1898) iSt. Kitts, Montserrat (Lesser Antilles)

ridgwayi (Cory, 1892) iSt. John, St. Croix (Virgin Is.), Anguilla, St. Martin, Barbuda, Antigua (Lesser Antilles)

desiradensis S.T. Danforth, 1937 vIle La Désirade (off W Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles)

dominicana (Ridgway, 1898) vGuadeloupe, Iles des Saintes, Ile Marie-Galante, Dominica (Lesser Antilles)

noctis (Linnaeus, 1766) iMartinique (Lesser Antilles)

sclateri J.A. Allen, 1880 iSt. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)

crissalis (Ridgway, 1898) vSt. Vincent (Lesser Antilles)

grenadensis (Cory, 1892) vGrenada (Lesser Antilles)

Loxigilla barbadensis ³³⁸ Cory, 1886 Barbados Bullfinch

vBarbados (Lesser Antilles)

CERTHIDEA Gould, 1837 F - Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837; type by monotypy ³³⁹

Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837 Green Warbler Finch

vFernandina, Isabela, Santiago, Rábida, Pinzón, Baltra, Santa Cruz (Galapagos Is.)

Certhidea fusca³⁴⁰ Gray Warbler Finch

becki Rothschild, 1898 Culpepper, Wenman (Galapagos Is.)

mentalis Ridgway, 1894 vGenovesa (Galapagos Is.)

fusca P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1870 vPinta, Marchena (Galapagos Is.)

bifasciata Ridgway, 1894 vSanta Fé (Galapagos Is.)

luteola Ridgway, 1894 vSan Cristóbal (Galapagos Is.)

cinerascens Ridgway, 1890 Española (Galapagos Is.)

ridgwayi Rothschild & E. Hartert, 1899 Floreana (Galapagos Is.)

PLATYSPIZA Ridgway, 1897 F - Camarhynchus variegatus Sclater & Salvin, 1870; type by original designation = Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould, 1837³⁴¹

Platyspiza crassirostris (Gould, 1837) Vegetarian Finch

vGalapagos Is.

GEOSPIZA Gould, 1837 F - Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837; type by original designation ³⁴²

Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837 Large Ground Finch

vGalapagos Is.

Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837 Medium Ground Finch

vGalapagos Is.

Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837 Small Ground Finch

vGalapagos Is.

Geospiza difficilis^343,344 Sharp-beaked Ground Finch

difficilis Sharpe, 1888 vGenovesa, Pinta (Galapagos Is.)

debilirostris Ridgway, 1894 vFernandina, Isabela, Santiago, Santa Cruz (Galapagos Is.)

septentrionalis Rothschild & E. Hartert, 1899 vCulpepper, Wenman (Galapagos Is.)

Geospiza scandens Common Cactus Finch

scandens (Gould, 1837) iSantiago, Rábida (Galapagos Is.)

intermedia Ridgway, 1894 vIsabela, Pinzón, Baltra, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Floreana (Galapagos Is.)

abingdoni (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1870) iPinta (Galapagos Is.)

rothschildi Heller & Snodgrass, 1901 iMarchena (Galapagos Is.)

Geospiza conirostris Large Cactus Finch

conirostris Ridgway, 1890³⁴⁵ vEspañola (SE Galapagos Is.)

propinqua Ridgway, 1894 vGenovesa (N Galapagos Is.)

darwini Rothschild & E. Hartert, 1899 iCulpepper, Wenman (Galapagos Is.)

CAMARHYNCHUS Gould, 1837 M - Camarhynchus psittacula Gould, 1837; type by original designation ³⁴⁶

Camarhynchus psittacula Large Tree Finch

habeli P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1870 iPinta, Marchena (N Galapagos Is.)

affinis Ridgway, 1894 vFernandina, Isabela (Galapagos Is.)

psittacula Gould, 1837 iSantiago, Rábida, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Floreana (Galapagos Is.)

Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway, 1890 Medium Tree Finch

iHighlands of Floreana (Galapagos Is.)

Camarhynchus parvulus Small Tree Finch

parvulus (Gould, 1837) vGalapagos Is.

salvini Ridgway, 1894 iSan Cristóbal (Galapagos Is.)

Camarhynchus pallidus Woodpecker Finch

pallidus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1870) vSantiago, Rábida, Pinzón, Baltra, Santa Cruz, Floreana (Galapagos Is.)

productus Ridgway, 1894 vFernandina, Isabela (Galapagos Is.)

striatipecta (Swarth, 1931)³⁴⁷ δiSan Cristóbal (Galapagos Is.)

Camarhynchus heliobates (Snodgrass & Heller, 1901) Mangrove Finch

iIsabela (W Galapagos Is.)

PINAROLOXIAS Sharpe, 1885 F - Cactornis inornata Gould, 1843; type by monotypy ³⁴⁸

Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould, 1843) Coco Island Finch

vIsla de Coco (off Costa Rica)

CHLOROCHRYSA Bonaparte, 1851 F - Callospiza calliparaea von Tschudi, 1844; type by subsequent designation (Bonaparte, 1851, Revue et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, 3, p. 129).

Chlorochrysa phoenicotis (Bonaparte, 1851) Glistening-green Tanager

vW Colombia (Andes of Antioquia) to Ecuador (to El Oro)

Chlorochrysa calliparaea Orange-eared Tanager

bourcierci (Bonaparte, 1851) iS Colombia (Cundinamarca) to N Peru (E slope of Andes to Huallaga valley)

calliparaea (von Tschudi, 1844) vC Peru (E slope of Andes from Pasco to N Ayacucho)

fulgentissima Chapman, 1901 vE slope of Andes from S Peru (Cuzco) to Bolivia (NW Cochabamba)

Chlorochrysa nitidissima ³⁴⁹ P.L. Sclater, 1874 Multicolored Tanagerα

vW Colombia (Andes from Antioquia to Cauca)

LOPHOSPINGUS Cabanis, 1878 M - Gubernatrix pusilla Burmeister, 1860; type by original designation ³⁵⁰

Lophospingus pusillus (Burmeister, 1860) Black-crested Finch

vS Bolivia (Chuquisaca) and W Paraguay to C Argentina (San Luis)

Lophospingus griseocristatus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Gray-crested Finch

vBolivia (La Paz) to N Argentina (E Jujuy, N Salta)

NEOTHRAUPIS Hellmayr, 1936 F - Tanagra fasciata M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823; type by original designation ^351,352

Neothraupis fasciata (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) White-banded Shrike Tanager/Shrike-like Tanager

vE and S Brazil (SE Amapá; Maranhão, Piauí to Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo), NE Bolivia, NE Paraguay

DIUCA Reichenbach, 1850 F - Emberiza speculifera d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent monotypy (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 79). ³⁵³

Diuca speculifera White-winged Diuca Finch

magnirostris Carriker, 1935³⁵⁴ vC Peru (Ancash to Huancavelica)

speculifera (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vAndes of S Peru (from Cuzco) to N Chile (Tarapacá), W Bolivia, NW Argentina (Jujuy)

Diuca diuca^355,356 Common Diuca Finch

1 crassirostris Hellmayr, 1932 vS Bolivia (Potosí), NC Chile (Antofagasta to Coquimbo) and N Argentina (south to La Rioja)

1 diuca (G.I. Molina, 1782) iC Chile (Coquimbo to Aisén), Argentina (Mendoza to Santa Cruz)³⁵⁷

1 chiloensis R.A. Philippi-B. & L.E. Peña, 1964 vIsla de Chiloé, SC Chile

2 minor Bonaparte, 1850³⁵⁸ αvC and S Argentina (Córdoba to Santa Cruz), S Chile (N Magallanes) >> S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)

GUBERNATRIX Lesson, 1837 F - Emberiza gubernatrix Temminck, 1821; type by monotypy and tautonymy = Coccothraustes cristata Vieillot, 1817

Gubernatrix cristata (Vieillot, 1817) Yellow Cardinal

vN and C Argentina (Salta, Corrientes to Río Negro), SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay

PAROARIA Bonaparte, 1832 F - Fringilla cucullata Vieillot; type by original designation = Loxia coronata J.F. Miller, 1776 ^359,360,361

Paroaria coronata (J.F. Miller, 1776) Red-crested Cardinal

vE Bolivia, S Brazil (SW Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul) Paraguay, N Argentina (to La Pampa), Uruguay³⁶²

Paroaria dominicana ³⁶³ (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-cowled Cardinal

vNE Brazil (S Maranhão and Ceará to E Goiás and N Minas Gerais)

Paroaria nigrogenis ³⁶⁴ (Lafresnaye, 1846) Masked Cardinal

vE Colombia (Arauca, N Meta), N Venezuela (along R. Orinoco); Trinidad

Paroaria baeri Crimson-fronted Cardinal

baeri Hellmayr, 1907 iEC Brazil (NE Mato Grosso, W Tocantins, W Goiás)

xinguensis Sick, 1950³⁶⁵ vEC Brazil (upper R. Xingu in S Pará, N Mato Grosso)

Paroaria gularis³⁶⁶ Red-capped Cardinal

gularis (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Colombia (S Meta to Amazonas) to E Peru, S Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil

cervicalis P.L. Sclater, 1862 vNE Bolivia (Pando to E Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), C Brazil (W Mato Grosso)

Paroaria capitata ^367,368 (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Yellow-billed Cardinal

vS Brazil (SW Mato Grosso), Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina (to N Buenos Aires), NW Uruguay

STEPHANOPHORUS Strickland, 1841 M - Pyrrhula caerulea Vieillot, 1822; type by monotypy = Tanagra diademata Temminck, 1823

Stephanophorus diadematus (Temminck, 1823) Diademed Tanager

vSE Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina

SCHISTOCHLAMYS Reichenbach, 1850 F - Tanagra capistrata zu Wied-Neuwied, 1821; type by subsequent monotypy ³⁶⁹

Schistochlamys ruficapillus Cinnamon Tanager

capistrata (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1821) vE Brazil (S Pará, C Piauí to C Minas Gerais)

sicki O.M. de O. Pinto & de Camargo, 1952 iS Brazil (E Mato Grosso)

ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1817) iE Paraguay, NE Argentina (N Misiones), SE Brazil (S Minas Gerais to E Paraná)

Schistochlamys melanopis Black-faced Tanager

aterrima Todd, 1912 vColombia,, Venezuela, W Guyana, N Brazil (Uei-tepui)

melanopis (Latham, 1790) vThe Guianas, NE Brazil

grisea Cory, 1916 vS Ecuador, E Peru (E slope of Andes from San Martín to Cuzco)

olivina (P.L. Sclater, 1865)³⁷⁰ αvSE Peru (Madre de Dios), N Bolivia, SC Brazil (Mato Grosso)

amazonica J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vSE Brazil (south of R. Amazon to São Paulo)

CISSOPIS Vieillot, 1816 M - Lanius leverianus J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by monotypy

Cissopis leverianus Magpie Tanager

leverianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) vE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon); NE Brazil (Alagoas)

major Cabanis, 1851 vSE Brazil (Goiás, Bahia to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

CALOCHAETES P.L. Sclater, 1879 M - Euchaetes coccineus P.L. Sclater, 1858; type by monotypy

Calochaetes coccineus (P.L. Sclater, 1858) Vermilion Tanager

vE slope of Andes from S Colombia (W Caquetá) to S Peru (Ayacucho, N Cuzco)

IRIDOSORNIS Lesson, 1844 M - Arremon rufivertex Lafresnaye, 1842; type by monotypy

Iridosornis porphyrocephalus (P.L. Sclater, 1856) Purplish-mantled Tanager

vW Colombia (Antioquia) to NW Ecuador (to Pichincha)

Iridosornis analis ³⁷¹ (von Tschudi, 1844) Yellow-throated Tanager

vE slope of E Andes in S Colombia (Cauca, W Putumayo) to Peru (to Puno)

Iridosornis jelskii Golden-collared Tanager

jelskii Cabanis, 1873 iE slope of Andes of Peru (San Martín to Junín)

bolivianus von Berlepsch, 1912 vE slope of Andes from S Peru (Cuzco) to N Bolivia (La Paz)

Iridosornis rufivertex^372,373 Golden-crowned Tanager

1 rufivertex (Lafresnaye, 1842) iSW Venezuela (Andes of S Táchira) to N Peru (north of Marañón valley)

1 ignicapillus Chapman, 1915³⁷⁴ iSW Colombia (Nariño)

1 subsimilis J.T. Zimmer, 1944³⁷⁵ vW Ecuador (W slope of Andes to Pichincha)

2 caeruleoventris Chapman, 1915³⁷⁶ vNW Colombia (Andes from Antioquia to Tolima)

Iridosornis reinhardti ³⁷⁷ P.L. Sclater, 1865 Yellow-scarfed Tanager

iN and C Peru (E slope of Andes from Marañón valley to Cuzco)

PIPRAEIDEA Swainson, 1827 F - Pipraeidea cyanea Swainson, 1827; type by monotypy ³⁷⁸

Pipraeidea melanonota Fawn-breasted Tanager

venezuelensis (P.L. Sclater, 1857) vMountains of Venezuela through Peru to NW Argentina (to Tucumán, Catamarca)

melanonota (Vieillot, 1819) vSE Brazil (S Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones; NE Buenos Aires), Uruguay

Pipraeidea bonariensis^379,380 Blue-and-yellow Tanager

1 darwinii (Bonaparte, 1838) iAndes of Ecuador (S Carchi to Loja), Peru, N Chile (Tarapacá), Bolivia (La Paz)

1 composita (J.T. Zimmer, 1944) vC Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz)

2 schulzei (Brodkorb, 1938) iSE Bolivia, W Paraguay, NW Argentina (to Río Negro)

2 bonariensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vSE Brazil (S São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, NE Argentina (Buenos Aires)

DUBUSIA Bonaparte, 1850 F - Tanagra selysia Bonaparte, 1850; type by subsequent designation (Zimmer, 1944, Am. Mus. Novitates, 1262, p. 9). = Tanagra (Tachyphonus) taeniata Boissonneau, 1840 ³⁸¹

Dubusia rufiventris ³⁸² (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Rufous-bellied Mountain Tanager

vE slope of Andes from WC Bolivia (S La Paz) to NW Argentina (Salta)

Dubusia taeniata^383,384 Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager

1 carrikeri Wetmore, 1946 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

2 taeniata (Boissonneau, 1840) vAndes of W Venezuela (Trujillo to Táchira) to NW Peru (south to N Cajamarca)

2 stictocephala von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894 vE slope of Andes in Peru (south of Marañón valley to Cuzco)

Dubusia castaneoventris ^385,386 (P.L. Sclater, 1851) Chestnut-bellied Mountain Tanager

vE slope of Andes from Peru (SE La Libertad) to W Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba)

TEPHROPHILUS R.T. Moore, 1934 M - Tephrophilus wetmorei R.T. Moore, 1934; type by original designation³⁸⁷

Tephrophilus wetmorei R.T. Moore, 1934 Masked Mountain Tanager

C Andes of SW Colombia (Quindío) to NW Peru (Cajamarca)

SPORATHRAUPIS Ridgway, 1898 F - Aglaia cyanocephala d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by original designation³⁸⁸

Sporathraupis cyanocephala³⁸⁹ Blue-capped Tanager

1 cyanocephala (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vEcuador (both slopes of Andes) to Peru (E slope of Andes), N Bolivia

1 annectens (J.T. Zimmer, 1944) iW and C Andes of Colombia

1 auricrissa (P.L. Sclater, 1856) iNC Colombia (Norte de Santander to Meta, Sierra de Perijá), W Venezuela (Trujillo to Táchira)

1 margaritae Chapman, 1912 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

1 hypophaea Todd, 1917 vNW Venezuela (Andes of Lara)

2 olivicyanea (Lafresnaye, 1843) vCoastal mountains of N Venezuela (Aragua to Miranda)

2 subcinerea (P.L. Sclater, 1861) vNE Venezuela (Sucre except Paria Pen., N Monagas)

2 buesingi Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1913 iNE Venezuela (Paria Pen.), Trinidad

ANISOGNATHUS Reichenbach, 1850 M - Tanagra igniventris d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent monotypy (Bonaparte, 1851, Revue et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, 3, p. 172). ³⁹⁰

Anisognathus melanogenys ³⁹¹ (Salvin & Godman, 1880) Black-cheeked Mountain Tanager

iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.)

Anisognathus lacrymosus³⁹² Lacrimose Mountain Tanager

pallididorsalis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1952 vSierra de Perijá, on Colombia/Venezuela border

melanops (von Berlepsch, 1893) iSW Venezuela (Andes of Trujillo to N Táchira)

tamae (W.H. Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard, 1941) iW Venezuela (Andes of S Táchira), NC Colombia (E Andes from Norte de Santander to Boyacá)

intensus Meyer de Schauensee, 1951 vE slope of W Andes of Colombia (Valle, Cauca)

olivaceiceps (von Berlepsch, 1912) iW Colombia (Andes from Antioquia to Tolima)

yariguierum Donegan & Avendaño, 2010³⁹³ C Colombia (W slope of E Andes in Santander) [Donegan, 2010 #12160]

palpebrosus (Lafresnaye, 1847) vSW Colombia (both slopes of Andes in Cauca, Nariño), E Ecuador (E slope of Andes to Morona-Santiago)

caerulescens (Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885) iE slope of Andes in Ecuador (Loja), N Peru (to Cajamarca)

lacrymosus (Du Bus, 1846) vE slope of Andes in Peru (south of R. Marañón to N Cuzco)

Anisognathus igniventris³⁹⁴ Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager

1 lunulatus (Du Bus, 1839) vSW Venezuela (Andes of S Táchira), NC Colombia (E Andes of Norte de Santander to Cundinamarca)

1 erythrotus (Jardine & Selby, 1840) vS Colombia (C Andes from Caldas) to N Peru (north of R. Marañón)

2 ignicrissa (Cabanis, 1873) iE slope of Andes (south of R. Marañón to Junín)

2 igniventris (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vE slope of Andes in Peru (Junín) to Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

Anisognathus somptuosus^395,396 Blue-winged Mountain Tanager

1 venezuelanus (Hellmayr, 1913) vN Venezuela (mountains of Yaracuy to Miranda)

1 virididorsalis (W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1949) vN Venezuela (Aragua)

1 antioquiae (von Berlepsch, 1912) iAndes of W Colombia (Antioquia to Colima)

1 victorini (Lafresnaye, 1842) iSW Venezuela (Andes of S Táchira), C Colombia (W slope of E Andes of Santander to Huila)

1 cyanopterus (Cabanis, 1866) vAndes of SW Colombia (W slope of C Andes from Quindío), W Ecuador (to NE Azuay)

1 baezae (Chapman, 1925) iE slope of Andes in SW Colombia (Nariño), Ecuador (to Morona-Santiago)

1 alamoris (Chapman, 1925)³⁹⁷ vS Ecuador (W slope of Andes from Azuay to Loja)

1 somptuosus (Lesson, 1831) vE slope of Andes from S Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe) to C Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba)

2 flavinucha (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)^398,399 δiE slope of Andes in Peru (Puno) to S Bolivia (Chuquisaca)

Anisognathus notabilis (P.L. Sclater, 1855) Black-chinned Mountain Tanager

vSW Colombia (W slope in Risaralda) to W Ecuador (El Oro, W Loja)

BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis, 1851 F - Aglaia montana d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 73). ^400,401

Buthraupis montana Hooded Mountain Tanager

venezuelana Aveledo & C.L. Pérez, 1989⁴⁰² vSierra de Perijá (Colombian-Venezuelan border) [Aveledo, 1989 #117]

gigas (Bonaparte, 1851) iSW Venezuela (S Táchira), E Andes of Colombia (to Cundinamarca)

cucullata (Jardine & Selby, 1842) vW Colombia (W and C Andes), Ecuador

cyanonota von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 vN and C Peru (Andes of Amazonas to Junín)

saturata von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906 vSE Peru (Andes of Cuzco, Puno)

montana (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vN Bolivia (Andes of La Paz, Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz)

CHLORORNIS Reichenbach, 1850 M - Tanagra riefferii Boissonneau, 1840; type by subsequent monotypy (P.L. Sclater, 1886, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, p. 281).

Chlorornis riefferii Grass-green Tanager

riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840) iAndes of Colombia and Ecuador

dilutus J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vC Andes of N Peru

elegans (von Tschudi, 1844) iAndes of C Peru (Junín)

celatus J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vAndes of SE Peru (Puno)

bolivianus (von Berlepsch, 1912) vAndes of W Bolivia (La Paz)

CNEMATHRAUPIS T.E. Penard, 1919 F - Tanagra eximia Boissonneau, 1840; type by original designation⁴⁰³

Cnemathraupis eximia^404,405 Black-chested Mountain Tanager

1 eximia (Boissonneau, 1840) vAndes of NC Colombia (Norte de Santander to Cundinamarca), SW Venezuela (Táchira)

1 zimmeri (R.T. Moore, 1934) iWC Colombia (N end of W Andes, C Andes from Caldas to Tolima)

2 chloronota (P.L. Sclater, 1855) vAndes of Colombia (Huila, Cauca) to NW Ecuador (W slope of Andes)

2 cyanocalyptra (R.T. Moore, 1934) iE slope of Andes in S Ecuador, N Peru (to N Cajamarca)

Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis (Blake & Hocking, 1974) Golden-backed Mountain Tanager

vNC Peru (E slope of Andes from San Martín to Huánuco) [Blake, 1974 #325]

WETMORETHRAUPIS Lowery & O'Neill, 1964 F - Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron Lowery & O'Neill, 1964; type by original designation and monotypy

Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron Lowery & O'Neill, 1964 Orange-throated Tanager

iS Ecuador (SE Zamora-Chinchipe), N Peru (Amazonas)

BANGSIA T.E. Penard, 1919 F - Buthraupis caeruleigularis Ridgway, 1893; type by original designation ⁴⁰⁶

Bangsia arcaei Blue-and-gold Tanager

caeruleigularis (Ridgway, 1893) vCaribbean slope of Costa Rica

arcaei (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869) iW and E Panama

Bangsia melanochlamys (Hellmayr, 1910) Black-and-gold Tanager

iW Colombia (Antioquia to Valle)

Bangsia rothschildi (von Berlepsch, 1897) Golden-chested Tanager

iPacific slope from W Colombia (C Chocó) to Ecuador (Esmeraldas)

Bangsia edwardsi (Elliot, 1865) Moss-backed Tanager

iSW Colombia (W slope of W Andes from Valle) to NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Pichincha)

Bangsia aureocincta (Hellmayr, 1910) Gold-ringed Tanager

vW Colombia (W Andes in Antioquia, Risaralda)

TANGARA Brisson, 1760 F - Tangara Brisson; type by tautonymy = Aglaia paradisea Swainson, 1837 ⁴⁰⁷

Tangara vassorii⁴⁰⁸ Blue-and-black Tanager

1 vassorii (Boissonneau, 1840) iAndes in Venezuela (Trujillo to Táchira) to N Peru (north of R. Marañón)

2 branickii (Taczanowski, 1882) iE slope of Andes of Peru (south of R. Marañón in Amazonas, La Libertad)

3 atrocoerulea (von Tschudi, 1844) δvE slope of Andes in Peru (from Huánuco) to Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

Tangara nigroviridis Beryl-spangled Tanager

cyanescens (P.L. Sclater, 1857)⁴⁰⁹ iMountains of N Venezuela; Sierra de Perijá; Andes of Venezuela, W, C and W slope of E Andes of Colombia, W slope of Andes of Ecuador

nigroviridis (Lafresnaye, 1843) vE slope of E Andes of Colombia (Casanare) to S Ecuador

berlepschi (Taczanowski, 1884) iE slope of Andes of N Peru (Amazonas) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Tangara dowii ⁴¹⁰ (Salvin, 1863) Spangle-cheeked Tanager

iMountains of Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to W Panama (to Veraguas)

Tangara fucosa ⁴¹¹ Nelson, 1912 Green-naped Tanager

vMountains of E Panama (E Darién)

Tangara cyanotis⁴¹² Blue-browed Tanager

1 lutleyi Hellmayr, 1917 iE slope of Andes from S Colombia (S Huila) to S Peru (Cuzco)

2 cyanotis (P.L. Sclater, 1858) vE slope of Andes from extreme SE Peru (E Puno) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Tangara labradorides Metallic-green Tanager

labradorides (Boissonneau, 1840) iAndes of Colombia (all three ranges from Cundinamarca), Ecuador

chaupensis Chapman, 1925 vN Peru (E slope of Andes in Amazonas, N San Martín)

Tangara rufigenis (P.L. Sclater, 1857) Rufous-cheeked Tanager

vN Venezuela (mountains from S Lara to Miranda and Cerro Golfo Triste in S Aragua)

Tangara gyrola^413,414 Bay-headed Tanager

1 bangsi (Hellmayr, 1911) iE Nicaragua to W Panama (to Panamá)

1 deleticia (Bangs, 1908) vE Panama (Darién) to W Colombia (to W slope of E Andes, south to Nariño)

1 parva J.T. Zimmer, 1943 vS Venezuela (SW Amazonas), E Colombia, N Brazil (upper R. Negro)

1 albertinae (von Pelzeln, 1877) iNE Peru (Loreto), N Brazil (south of Amazon R. Purus to NE Pará, south to N Mato Grosso)

1 nupera Bangs, 1917 vSW Colombia (Nariño) to NW Peru (Tumbes)

1 catharinae (Hellmayr, 1911) iColombia (E base of E Andes from Meta) to E Ecuador, E Peru, Bolivia (Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz)

2 toddi Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1921 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts., Sierra de Perijá, E slope of E Andes in Norte de Santander and N Boyacá), mountains of N Venezuela (east to Miranda)

2 viridissima (Lafresnaye, 1847) vMountains of NE Venezuela (from Miranda), Trinidad

3 gyrola (Linnaeus, 1758) iS Venezuela (N Amazonas, NW Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil (to Amapá)

Tangara lavinia Rufous-winged Tanager

cara (Bangs, 1905) vE Guatemala to Panama (Comarca Guna Yala)

dalmasi (Hellmayr, 1910) iPanama (Pacific slope of Chiriquí to E Panamá)

lavinia (Cassin, 1858) iE Panama (E Darién), Pacific coast of W Colombia (incl. Isla Gorgona) to W Ecuador (Pichincha)

Tangara chrysotis (Du Bus, 1846) Golden-eared Tanager

vE slope of Andes from S Colombia (Huila) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Tangara xanthocephala Saffron-crowned Tanager

venusta (P.L. Sclater, 1855) vW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá, Andes from Lara to Táchira), Colombia, to C Peru (E slope to Pasco)

xanthocephala (von Tschudi, 1844) vC Peru (E slope of Andes in Junín)

lamprotis (P.L. Sclater, 1851) vS Peru (E slope of Andes in Ayacucho, Cuzco) to Bolivia (W Santa Cruz)

Tangara arthus⁴¹⁵ Golden Tanager

1 arthus Lesson, 1832⁴¹⁶ αiNW Venezuela (mountains from Lara to Miranda; Andes from S Lara to N Táchira)

2 palmitae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947⁴¹⁷ iNE Colombia (W slope of E Andes in Santander)

2 occidentalis Chapman, 1914 vW Colombia (W Andes and W slope of C Andes from Antioquia to Nariño)

2 goodsoni E. Hartert, 1913 iW Ecuador (W slope of Andes)

2 aurulenta (Lafresnaye, 1843) vNW Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá), C Colombia (W slope of E Andes from Bogotá)

3 sclateri (Lafresnaye, 1854) iE Colombia (E Andes from Santander to Cundinamarca, Sierra de la Macarena)

4 aequatorialis (Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885) vE slope of Andes in Ecuador, N Peru (to La Libertad)

4 pulchra (von Tschudi, 1844) vC Peru (E slope of Andes from San Martín to Junín)

4 sophiae (von Berlepsch, 1901) iE slope of Andes in SE Peru (Cuzco, Puno) to Bolivia (La Paz, W Cochabamba)

Tangara florida ^418,419 (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1869) Emerald Tanager

vCaribbean slope of Costa Rica to Panama, Pacific slope from SW Colombia to NW Ecuador (to Pichincha)

Tangara icterocephala Silver-throated Tanager

frantzii (Cabanis, 1861) iBoth slopes of Costa Rica to W Panama (mountains of Veraguas)

oresbia Wetmore, 1962 vWC Panama (mountains of Coclé, W Panamá)

icterocephala (Bonaparte, 1851) vPacific slope of E Panama (E Darién), W slope of Andes of NW Colombia (Antioquia) to NW Peru (Tumbes)

Tangara parzudakii⁴²⁰ Flame-faced Tanager

1 parzudakii (Lafresnaye, 1843) iSW Venezuela (S Táchira), E Andes of Colombia (from Santander) to Ecuador

1 urubambae J.T. Zimmer, 1943 iPeru (E slope of Andes to Ayacucho, Cuzco)

2 lunigera (P.L. Sclater, 1851) vPacific slope of W Andes in W Colombia (from Risaralda) to W Ecuador (to El Oro)

Tangara johannae (Dalmas, 1900) Blue-whiskered Tanager

iW slope of W Andes from W Colombia (C Chocó, W Antioquia) to W Ecuador (Pichincha)

Tangara schrankii Green-and-gold Tanager

venezuelana W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1957 vS Venezuela (S Amazonas, S Bolívar)

schrankii (von Spix, 1825) iSE Colombia (Caquetá, Vaupés) to EC Bolivia, Brazil (south of Amazon to E Amazonas, NW Mato Grosso)

Tangara inornata Plain Tanager

rava Wetmore, 1963 vCaribbean slope of Costa Rica and W Panama (Bocas del Toro)

languens Bangs & Barbour, 1922 iE Panama (west to Colón and N Coclé), W Colombia (Chocó to Valle)

inornata (Gould, 1855) vC Colombia (Antioquia to Cundinamarca)

Tangara mexicana⁴²¹ Turquoise Tanager

1 vieilloti (P.L. Sclater, 1857) iTrinidad

1 media (von Berlepsch & E. Hartert, 1902) vE Colombia (Vichada), S and E Venezuela (to Delta Amacuro, Amazonas, Bolívar)

1 mexicana (Linnaeus, 1766) vThe Guianas, E Amazonian Brazil (west to R. Negro and R. Madeira)

1 boliviana (Bonaparte, 1851) vE Colombia (south from Meta), E Ecuador, E Peru, W Amazonian Brazil (east to R. Negro and R. Madeira), N and NE Bolivia

2 brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1766)⁴²² vSE Brazil (coastal S Bahia to Rio de Janeiro)

Tangara chilensis Paradise Tanager

paradisea (Swainson, 1837) vSE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon)

caelicolor (P.L. Sclater, 1851) δiE Colombia (from Meta), S Venezuela (Amazonas), NW Brazil (R. Uaupés, upper R. Negro)

chlorocorys J.T. Zimmer, 1929 iN Peru (upper Huallaga valley)

chilensis (Vigors, 1832) vS Colombia (from Huila) to Bolivia (Santa Cruz), W Brazil (Rondônia to SE Pará)

Tangara callophrys ⁴²³ (Cabanis, 1849) Opal-crowned Tanagerα

iSE Colombia (Caquetá) to E Peru (to Puno), W Brazil (south of R. Amazon to R. Purus)

Tangara velia⁴²⁴ Opal-rumped Tanager

1 velia (Linnaeus, 1758) iThe Guianas, N Brazil (north of Amazon, from R. Negro to Pará)

1 iridina (Hartlaub, 1841) vE Colombia (N Meta) to N Bolivia, east to S Venezuela, W Brazil (east to lower R. Tapajós, NW Mato Grosso)

1 signata (Hellmayr, 1905) vNE Brazil (NE Pará)

2 cyanomelas (zu Wied, 1830)^425,426 iCoastal E Brazil (Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro)

Tangara cyanocephala Red-necked Tanager

cearensis Cory, 1916 vNE Brazil (Ceará)

corallina (von Berlepsch, 1903) vE Brazil (Pernambuco, N Bahia)

cyanocephala (Statius Muller, 1776) vSE Brazil (Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul), SE Paraguay (Canindeyú), NE Argentina (Misiones)

Tangara cyanoventris (Vieillot, 1819) Gilt-edged Tanager

vE Brazil (C Bahia, S Minas Gerais to E São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro)

Tangara desmaresti ⁴²⁷ (Vieillot, 1819) Brassy-breasted Tanager

iCoastal SE Brazil (SE Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina)

Tangara fastuosa ⁴²⁸ (Lesson, 1832) Seven-colored Tanagerα

vE Brazil (Paraíba to Alagoas)

Tangara seledon (Statius Muller, 1776) Green-headed Tanager

iSE Brazil (SE Bahia to NE Rio Grande do Sul), SE Paraguay (Alto Paraná), NE Argentina (Misiones)

Tangara varia (Statius Muller, 1776) Dotted Tanager

vS Venezuela, SW Guyana, N Brazil (north of Amazon R. Negro to C Pará, south of Amazon R. Tapajós to R. Xingu); NC Peru (San Martín)

Tangara punctata⁴²⁹ Spotted Tanager

punctata (Linnaeus, 1766) vS Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (R. Negro to Amapá)

zamorae Chapman, 1925 iE slope of Andes from Ecuador (Sucumbíos) to N Peru (to San Martín)

perenensis Chapman, 1925 vC Peru (E slope of Andes in Junín)

annectens J.T. Zimmer, 1943 iSE Peru (E slope of Andes in Puno)

punctulata (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) vN Bolivia (E slope of Andes in La Paz, Cochabamba)

Tangara rufigula (Bonaparte, 1851) Rufous-throated Tanager

iPacific slope of W Colombia (from Risaralda) to W Ecuador (to El Oro)

Tangara guttata⁴³⁰ Speckled Tanager

eusticta Todd, 1912 vCosta Rica (both slopes), Panama (Caribbean slope), extreme NW Colombia (Cerro Tacarcuna in NW Chocó)

tolimae Chapman, 1914 iColombia (E slope of C Andes to Tolima)

bogotensis Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1912 vColombia (E Andes from Norte de Santander to Caquetá), W Venezuela (Sierra de Perijá, Lara to Táchira)

chrysophrys (P.L. Sclater, 1851) iVenezuela (mountains from Falcón to Monagas; Amazonas, Bolívar), NW Brazil (Sierra de Curupira)

guttata (Cabanis, 1851)⁴³¹ αvSE Venezuela (SE Bolívar), N Brazil (Uei-tepui)

trinitatis Todd, 1912 iN Trinidad

Tangara xanthogastra Yellow-bellied Tanager

xanthogastra (P.L. Sclater, 1851) vE Colombia (Meta, Vaupés) to S Venezuela (Amazonas, SW Bolívar), south to E Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia

phelpsi J.T. Zimmer, 1943⁴³² iS Venezuela (Amazonas, N and E Bolívar); E Guyana

Tangara ruficervix^433,434 Golden-naped Tanager

1 ruficervix (Prévost & Des Murs, 1846)⁴³⁵ αiAndes of Colombia

1 leucotis (P.L. Sclater, 1851) vW slope of Andes of Ecuador (south to El Oro)

1 taylori (Taczanowski & von Berlepsch, 1885) iE slope of Andes of Ecuador to N Peru (Cajamarca)

2 amabilis J.T. Zimmer, 1943 vE slope of Andes of N Peru (S Amazonas to Huánuco)

2 inca Parkes, 1969 iE slope of Andes of C and S Peru (Junín to Puno)

2 fulvicervix (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) iE slope of Andes of SE Peru (Puno) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Tangara glaucocolpa ^436,437,438 (Cabanis, 1851) Glaucous Tanagerα

vN Colombia (N Bolívar, Atlántico), N Venezuela (to Sucre, incl. Isla de Margarita)

Tangara sayaca⁴³⁹ Sayaca Tanager

boliviana (J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941) vNW Bolivia (La Paz, Beni)

obscura (Naumburg, 1924) vC and S Bolivia, N Argentina (to Córdoba)

sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766) iE and S Brazil (Mato Grosso, Ceará to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, NE Argentina, Uruguay

Tangara episcopus⁴⁴⁰ Blue-gray Tanager

cana (Swainson, 1835)⁴⁴¹ vSE Mexico (SE San Luis Potosí, Central America (incl. Arch. de las Perlas)), NW Colombia, N Venezuela

caesitia (Wetmore, 1959) vIsla Escudo de Veraguas, off NW Panama

cumatilis (Wetmore, 1957) vIsla de Coiba, off SW Panama

nesophila (Riley, 1912) vE Colombia, S and E Venezuela (N Amazonas, N Bolívar, Sucre, Monagas); Trinidad

berlepschi (Dalmas, 1900) iTobago

mediana (J.T. Zimmer, 1944)⁴⁴² vE Colombia, S Venezuela, N Brazil (to R. Nhamundá, south of Amazon R. Madeira to R. Tapajós), N Bolivia

episcopus (Linnaeus, 1766) iThe Guianas, N Brazil (R. Nhamundá, NW Maranhão to SE Pará, N Mato Grosso)

ehrenreichi (Reichenow, 1915)⁴⁴³ iNW Brazil (R. Purus) [Reichenow, 1915 #3241]

leucoptera (P.L. Sclater, 1886) vC Colombia (E slope of Andes in Cundinamarca, Meta)

quaesita (Bangs & Noble, 1918) vPacific slope of SW Colombia (W Nariño) to NW Peru

caerulea (J.T. Zimmer, 1929) vSE Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), N Peru (Huánuco)

major (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896) vC Peru (Junín)

urubambae (J.T. Zimmer, 1944) iSE Peru (Cuzco)

coelestis (von Spix, 1825) δvSE Colombia (Amazonas), W Brazil (east to R. Negro, R. Madeira), NE Ecuador, NE and C Peru

Tangara cyanoptera (Vieillot, 1817) Azure-shouldered Tanager

vSE Brazil (coastal SE Bahia to N Rio Grande do Sul)

Tangara abbas (Deppe, 1830) Yellow-winged Tanager

E and SE Mexico (Tamaulipas) on Caribbean slope to NC Nicaragua, on Atlantic slope to NW Nicaragua

Tangara ornata (Sparrman, 1789) Golden-chevroned Tanager

vSE Bahia (coastal SE Bahia to Santa Catarina, inland to E Minas Gerais)

Tangara palmarum Palm Tanager

atripennis (Todd, 1922) vE Nicaragua to N Colombia (W of E Andes; Santa Marta), NW Venezuela (Maracaibo)

violilavata (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884)⁴⁴⁴ αvSW Colombia (Cauca) to W Ecuador (Loja)

melanoptera (P.L. Sclater, 1857) vE Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, N and C Brazil, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia

palmarum (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1821) iE Brazil (east of R. Tocantins to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, N Argentina (Misiones, E Formosa)

Tangara cabanisi ⁴⁴⁵ (P.L. Sclater, 1868) Azure-rumped Tanager/Cabanis's Tanager

iS Mexico (Chiapas), SW Guatemala

Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr, 1909) Gray-and-gold Tanager

iE Panama, Pacific slope of SW Colombia, W Ecuador (to Pichincha)

Tangara larvata Golden-hooded Tanager

larvata (Du Bus, 1846) vCaribbean slope of SE Mexico (Tabasco), Belize, E Guatemala, N Costa Rica

centralis (von Berlepsch, 1912) vCaribbean slope of Costa Rica, W Panama (to N Coclé)

franciscae (P.L. Sclater, 1856) iPacific slope of Costa Rica to W Panama (to Veraguas)

fanny (Lafresnaye, 1847) iE Panama (from Colón) to W Colombia (N base of W and C Andes, Pacific slope), W Ecuador (to Manabí)

Tangara cyanicollis Blue-necked Tanager

granadensis (von Berlepsch, 1884) vAndes of W Colombia

caeruleocephala (Swainson, 1838) iAndes of E Colombia to N Peru (E slope of Andes to La Libertad, N San Martín)

cyanicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vE slope of Andes in Peru (from Huánuco) to Bolivia (Cochabamba)

cyanopygia (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884)⁴⁴⁶ αvW Ecuador (W slope of Andes)

hannahiae (Cassin, 1865)⁴⁴⁷ αiN Colombia (Sierra de Perijá, Norte de Santander), NW Venezuela (Andes S Lara to Táchira, coastal mountains to Aragua)

melanogaster Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1923 iC Brazil (lowlands of N Mato Grosso, S Pará), E Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

albotibialis Traylor, 1950 vEC Brazil (Goiás)

Tangara nigrocincta ⁴⁴⁸ (Bonaparte, 1838) Masked Tanager

vSE Colombia to E Bolivia, east to S Venezuela, Guyana, N Brazil (Roraima, Pará to W Mato Grosso)

Tangara argentea^449,450 Black-headed Tanager

1 whitelyi (Salvin & Godman, 1884)⁴⁵¹ iTepuis of S Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), adjacent N Brazil (NE Roraima) and W Guyana

2 argentea (Lafresnaye, 1843) vMountains of N Colombia, W and N Venezuela (mountains of Falcón to Sucre, Andes of Lara to Táchira) [Lafresnaye, 1843 #15708]

Tangara viridicollis⁴⁵² Silver-backed Tanager

1 fulvigula (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1906) iS Ecuador (El Oro, W Loja), N Peru (E slope of Andes to Cajamarca)

2 viridicollis (Taczanowski, 1884) vE slope of Andes from Peru (south of R. Marañón) to W Bolivia (La Paz)

Tangara argyrofenges⁴⁵³ Green-throated Tanager/Straw-backed Tanager

caeruleigularis Carriker, 1935 vSE Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), N Peru (E slope of Andes to San Martín)

argyrofenges (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) iBolivia (E slope of Andes in La Paz, Cochabamba, W Santa Cruz)

Tangara heinei ^454,455 (Cabanis, 1851) Black-capped Tanagerα

iColombia (Santa Marta Mts., Andean ranges) E Ecuador, Sierra de Perijá, N Venezuela (to Distrito Federal)

Tangara phillipsi G.R. Graves & Weske, 1987 Sira Tanager

iE Peru (Cerros del Sira, in Huánuco) [Graves, 1987 #1780]

Tangara preciosa ^456,457 (Cabanis, 1851) Chestnut-backed Tanagerα

vSE Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones to Entre Ríos), SE Brazil (São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay

Tangara peruviana (Desmarest, 1806) Black-backed Tanager

vCoastal SE Brazil (Espírito Santo to NE Rio Grande do Sul)

Tangara meyerdeschauenseei Schulenberg & Binford, 1985 Green-capped Tanager

iSE Peru (E Puno), W Bolivia (La Paz) [Schulenberg, 1985 #3544]

Tangara vitriolina ⁴⁵⁸ (Cabanis, 1851) Scrub Tanagerα

vColombia (W slope of W Andes in Norte de Santander to E slope of E Andes in E Cauca), NW Ecuador

Tangara cayana^459,460 Burnished-buff Tanager

1 fulvescens Todd, 1922 iC Colombia (E Andes from Norte de Santander)

1 cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Colombia (Meta, Vaupés), S Venezuela (C Amazonas, Bolívar), the Guianas, NC Brazil (Amapá)

1 huberi (Hellmayr, 1910) iN Brazil (Ilha de Marajó, in NE Pará)

2 flava (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vNE Brazil (Pará, Ceará to N Goiás, S Bahia)

2 sincipitalis (von Berlepsch, 1907) vEC Brazil (Goiás, except N)

2 chloroptera (Vieillot, 1819) vSE Brazil (Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

2 margaritae (J.A. Allen, 1891) iC Brazil (Mato Grosso)

2 cyanolaima (Bonaparte, 1851)⁴⁶¹ E Peru (San Martín, Madre de Dios), N Bolivia (Beni) [Bonaparte, 1851 #15709]

Tangara cucullata Lesser Antillean Tanager

versicolor (Lawrence, 1878) iSt. Vincent (Lesser Antilles)

cucullata (Swainson, 1834) vGrenada (Lesser Antilles)

1 Sequence of genera generally follows Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348] with some modifications based on Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736], Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782], Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041], Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844], Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

2 See Hartlaub (1851) [Hartlaub, 1851 #1912] for accepting 1850 as the date of all 543 pp. of Vol. 1.

3 For confirmation of placement in Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

4 For confirmation of placement in Thraupidae, see Morony (1985) [Morony, 1985 #15343], Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

5 For removal from Caryothraustes and placement in monotypic genus see Tamplin et al. (1993) [Tamplin, 1993 #3802], Demastes & Remsen (1994) [Demastes, 1994 #1299] and Remsen (1997) [Remsen, 1997 #3247].

6 For placement in Thraupidae see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

7 Has been placed in its own family, Catamblyrhynchidae, by e.g. Hellmayr (1938) [Hellmayr, 1938 #10409], Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], or in a monotypic subfamily Catamblyrhynchinae in Emberizidae, e.g. Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #9955] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

8 Moved from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae following Bledsoe (1988) [Bledsoe, 1988) [Bledsoe, 1988 #15333], Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Ridgley & Tudor (2009) [Ridgley, 2009 #12008] and Barker (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

9 Taxon named pallida Carriker, 1934 [Carriker, 1934 #667] may merit recognition; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

10 Doubtfully distinct from guatemalensis; see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

11 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

12 Perhaps delayed until 1865 see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

13 For recognition see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154], Isler & Isler (1987) [Isler, 1987 #2092] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

14 Sometimes placed in monotypic genus Erythrothlypis, by e.g. Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

15 Forms a superspecies with H. rubrifrons; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

16 The date of publication is determined by the 'date de dépôt légal'; on the back of the wrapper of this issue, the last in the 1965 volume, it is 1966.

17 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

18 Forms a superspecies with H. ruficapilla; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

19 Doubtfully diagnosable; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

20 Perhaps not diagnosable from melanoxantha; see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746].

21 Includes Oreomanes; see Burns et al. (2003) [Burns, 2003 #586] and Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

22 For transfer from the Parulidae to the Thraupidae, see A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9], Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586] and Lovette & Bermingham (2002) [Lovette, 2002 #2441].

23 Dated 1808 by Lowery & Monroe (1968) [Lowery, 1968 #2448], but see Browning & Monroe (1991) [Browning, 1991 #542]; however correct date unknown, see Dickinson (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #12761].

24 May comprise two or three species; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

25 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

26 Original spelling tamarugensis incorrectly formed see Mayr & Vuilleumier (1983) [Mayr, 1983 #2563].

27 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

28 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

29 For recognition see Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443], Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

30 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

31 Formerly, e.g. in Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746], placed in a monotypic genus Oreomanes, but see Burns et al. (2003) [Burns, 2003 #586] and Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

32 For treatment as a monotypic species O. fraseri see Vuilleumier (1984) [Vuilleumier, 1984 #15670]; thus including binghami and sturninus. However in Conirostrum fraseri P.L. Sclater, 1860 is preoccupied by Conirostrum fraseri P.L. Sclater, 1859.

33 For species sequence and for possible non-monophyly of this genus, see Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104].

34 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Bledsoe (1988) [Bledsoe, 1988 #15333] and Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

35 May not be part of Sicalis; see Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104].

36 Species possibly monotypic; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

37 Contrary to the footnote in 2014 the emendation uropygialis used by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] and in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] is justified by internal evidence of an inadvertent error.

38 Includes connectens; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

39 For treatment as a separate species from S. olivascens, see e.g. Hellmayr (1938) [Hellmayr, 1938 #10409], Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570]. Supported by genetic data in Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104].

40 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with S. lebruni, but see Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104].

41 For treatment as a separate species from S. olivascens, see Areta et al. (2012) [Areta, 2012 #15332].

42 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], but may already be two species see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

43 Introduced to Hawaiian Is., Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

44 For recognition see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

45 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

46 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with S. raimondii, but they are locally sympatric; see Koepcke (1963) [Koepcke, 1963 #15340]. Superspecies not supported by genetic data in Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104].

47 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

48 Introduced to Lesser Antilles (Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados,. St. Vincent, Grenada).

49 Treated as a separate species by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], but more study needed; see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

50 Dual original spellings. See David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

51 For a circumscription of a reduced genus, see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

52 For treatment as a separate species from P. atriceps see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

53 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with P. atriceps, P. punensis and P. patagonicus, and they form a monophyletic clade, but uncertain degrees of range overlap among some of them occur, see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

54 Perhaps better included in P. patagonicus; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

55 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Ryan et al. (2007, 2013) [Ryan, 2007 #10643], [Ryan, 2013 #15104] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

56 Proposed as a nom. nov. but complies with Art. 16 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059] in being intentionally new and including information on a holotype. Although the Code says that the term nom. nov. should only be used to indicate a replacement name this is only in a Recommendation.

57 Whether this population should be seen as a morph rather than a separate subspecies requires review.

58 For treatment as a separate species from N. acunhae see Ryan (2008) [Ryan, 2008 #10838] and Ryan (2011) [Ryan, 2011 #13523].

59 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844], Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

60 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844], Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348] and Ryan et al. (2013) [Ryan, 2013 #15104].

61 Dated '1851' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

62 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

63 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

64 For correction to authorship see Steinheimer et al. (2006) [Steinheimer, 2006 #4439].

65 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586].

66 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

67 Subspecies groups follow Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

68 Spelled soederstromi by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] but the name is not German and so that is incorrect, see Art. 32.5.2.1 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

69 Includes subinsignis; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

70 For recognition see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

71 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

72 For reasons to treat oreophila here, see Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], Romero-Zambrano (1977) [Romero-Zambrano, 1977 #3374] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

73 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

74 May be a separate species; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

75 Sequence of species follows Mauck & Burns (2009) [Mauck, 2009 #11801].

76 Species possibly monotypic; see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

77 D. caerulescens is sometimes placed in Diglossopis P.L. Sclater, 1856 [Sclater, 1856 #3548], and at times including more species (D. glauca, D. cyanea, D. indigotica), e.g. by Bock (1985) [Bock, 1985 #14898], Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570], Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], and Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443]; but see Mauck & Burns (2009) [Mauck, 2009 #11801].

78 The earlier name intermedia Carriker, 1935 was a junior primary homonym preoccupied in Diglossa and replaced by media Bond, 1955; this rendered Carriker's name permanently invalid, see Art. 57.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059]. Use by Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517] was an error.

79 Differences in vocalisations suggest that two species may be involved; see Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443] and Ridgely & Tudor (2009) [Ridgely, 2009 #12008]. More study needed; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

80 For treatment as a separate species from D. baritula, see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065], A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Hackett (1996) [Hackett, 1996 #1864]. But see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

81 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

82 Forms a superspecies with D. plumbea and D. sittoides; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

83 For treatment as a separate species from D. baritula, see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065], A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Hackett (1996) [Hackett, 1996 #1864]. But see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

84 Includes veraguensis; see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

85 Issue cover dated May 1861.

86 For treatment as a separate species from D. lafresnayii see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

87 For recognition see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

88 Forms a superspecies with D. gloriosissima and D. mystacalis; see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

89 For treatment as a separate species from D. lafresnayii see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

90 Includes parui Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1950 [Phelps, 1950 #3032]; see Phelps & Phelps (1963) [Phelps, 1963 #3050].

91 Possibly a synonym of hitchcocki; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517]. But see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

92 For retention of date 1849 see Evenhuis (1997) [Evenhuis, 1997 #12439] and Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

93 Forms a superspecies with D. venezuelensis; see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

94 For treatment as a separate species from D. carbonaria see Graves (1982) [Graves, 1982 #1772].

95 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

96 For recognition see Graves (1982) [Graves, 1982 #1772] and Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

97 Forms a superspecies with D. gloriosa, D. humeralis and D. brunneiventris; see Vuilleumier (1969) [Vuilleumier, 1969 #4065] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

98 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

99 For treatment as a separate species from D. carbonaria see Graves (1982) [Graves, 1982 #1772].

100 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

101 For changed composition of this genus and inclusion of Phrygilus dorsalis and P. erythronotus, see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844]. Further changes from Burns et al. (2014) [Burns, 2014 #15624] will be dealt with in an Update.

102 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

103 May date from 1867, see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

104 May date from 1867 see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

105 Apparently interbreeds with, and may possibly be a colour phase of, I. erythronotus; see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

106 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with I. dorsalis.

107 Doubtfully distinct from petersi; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

108 Species in this genus were formerly placed in the emberizid Phrygilus, but see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

109 Subspecies groups follow Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

110 Includes cyaneus Nores & Yzurieta, 1983 [Nores, 1983 #2779]; see Piloni & Camperi (2011) [Piloni, 2011 #15672]. But see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

111 For recognition see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] and Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

112 Includes Acanthidops; see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

113 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Burns et al. (2003) [Burns, 2003 #586] and Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

114 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with H. unicolor, but see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

115 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

116 Includes barrilesensis; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

117 Correct original spelling. Spelling bairdii in Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

118 Formerly placed in the monotypic genus Acanthidops, but see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

119 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586] and Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

120 Possibly should be placed in a separate genus Rhynchothraupis; see Ridgely & Tudor (2009) [Ridgely, 2009 #12008] and Candia-Gallardo et al. (2010) [Candia-Gallardo, 2010 #12424]. But see Bond (1951) [Bond, 1951 #429].

121 Forms a superspecies with C. dentatus; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

122 Genus likely to need to be split into four genera; see Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782].

123 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

124 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

125 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

126 Published 1853; library receipt date 26.12.1853 see p. 1004 in same volume.

127 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

128 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586] and Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

129 Forms a superspecies with C. pileatus; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

130 Sometimes placed in monotypic genus Phlogothraupis, e.g. by Howell & Webb (1995) [Howell, 1995 #13863]; but it is basal to all other members of Ramphocelus; see Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782].

131 Includes isthmicus; see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

132 Introduced to Society Is. (Tahiti).

133 Perhaps not diagnosable from nominate dimidiatus; see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

134 Doubtfully diagnosable; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

135 Considered by Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with R. dimidiatus, R. melanogaster and R. bresilius; but see Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782].

136 Treated as two species by A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517]. But see also Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782] and so treated as subspecies groups.

137 Forms a superspecies with R. flammigerus; see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746].

138 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

139 Includes the name varians Lafresnaye, 1847 [Lafresnaye, 1847 #15360] which Storer (1989) [Storer, 1989 #15362] resurrected for the populations in Panama and Colombia; but see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

140 Treated as a separate species by Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

141 Sequence of species follows Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782].

142 Considered by Haffer (1987) [Haffer, 1987 #13890] to form a superspecies with L. versicolor; but see Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782].

143 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with L. leucothorax.

144 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

145 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, as anticipated by Paynter (1970, 1971) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], [Paynter, 1971 #15346], see Burns & Racicot (2009) [Burns, 2009 #11782].

146 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

147 The date 1917 given by Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746] was a typographical error.

148 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with C. lucidus.

149 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

150 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

151 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

152 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

153 May deserve treatment as a separate species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

154 For recognition see Isler & Isler (1987) [Isler, 1987 #2092] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

155 Formerly, e.g. by Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #4770], placed in a monotypic family or subfamily, but see e.g. Sibley (1973) [Sibley, 1973 #15352], Burns (1997) [Burns, 1997 #583] and Burns et al. (2003) [Burns, 2003 #586].

156 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

157 Treated, with aequatorialis as a subspecies, as a separate species by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

158 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

159 Tentatively accepted.

160 Provisionally includes orientalis Grantsau, 2010 [Grantsau, 2010 #12748] as proposed range unclear.

161 Original spelling. Spelling coerebicolor by Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

162 Species limits in many groups uncertain; see e.g. Ouellet (1992) [Ouellet, 1992 #2885], Lijtmaer et al. (2004) [Lijtmaer, 2004 #2391], Campagna et al. (2010, 2012) [Campagna, 2010 #13231], [Campagna, 2012 #14753].

163 For changed composition of this genus and inclusion of Oryzoborus and Dolospingus, see Mason & Burns (2013) [Mason, 2013 #15253].

164 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Clark (1986) [Clark, 1986 #15334], Bledsoe (1988) [Bledsoe, 1988 #15333], Sato et al. (2001) [Sato, 2001 #3479], Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586] and Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

165 For treatment as a separate species from S. lineola see Schwartz (1975) [Schwartz, 1975 #15350].

166 Includes restricta; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

167 Forms a superspecies with S. bouvronides; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

168 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

169 Includes S. insulata, a colour morph or subspecies of S. telasco; see Stiles (2004) [Stiles, 2004 #3742].

170 For retention of date 1849 see Evenhuis (1997) [Evenhuis, 1997 #12439] and Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

171 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with S. hypoxantha, but see Mason & Burns (2013) [Mason, 2013 #15253].

172 Includes saturata and crypta; see Machado & Silveira (2011) [Machado, 2011 #13273].

173 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to perhaps form a superspecies with S. hypochroma; but their ranges overlap in Corrientes, Argentina, see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271]. See also Mason & Burns (2013) [Mason, 2013 #15253].

174 For treatment as a separate species from S. bouvreuil, see Machado & Silveira (2011) [Machado, 2011 #13273]. See also Campagna et al. (2013) [Campagna, 2013 #15407].

175 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

176 May be a colour phase of S. hypoxantha; see Short (1975) [Short, 1975 #13726]. But see Areta et al. (2011) [Areta, 2011 #12830].

177 Includes S. zelichi Narosky, 1977 [Narosky, 1977 #2750]; see Areta (2008) [Areta, 2008 #11692]. See also Vuilleumier & Mayr (1987) [Vuilleumier, 1987 #4069] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

178 May be a colour phase of S. hypoxantha; see Short (1975) [Short, 1975 #13726]. But see Areta et al. (2011) [Areta, 2011 #12830].

179 Species S. funerea through S. atrirostris formerly placed in a separate genus Oryzoborus, but see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2840], Burns et al. (2002), Lijtmaer et al. (2004), Robbins et al. (2005) [Robbins, 2005 #10050] and Mason & Burns (2013) [Mason, 2013 #15253].

180 For treatment as a separate species from S. angolensis, see Hellmayr (1938) [Hellmayr, 1938 #10409], A.O.U. (1983, 1998) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Rising (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13520]. But see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2840], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443].

181 For correct date, February, 1860, see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442]; the name aethiops dates from May 1860.

182 For recognition see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2840].

183 For recognition see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154] and Rising (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13520].

184 For recognition see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2840].

185 Includes torrida, see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2840]; but see Rising (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13520]. Includes theobromae Olson, 1981 [Olson, 1981 #2840]; see Rising (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13520].

186 For treatment as a separate species from S. crassirostris, see Stiles (1984) [Stiles, 1984 #15354].

187 For treatment as a separate species from S. crassirostris, see Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2679].

188 Includes Oryzoborus crassirostris magnirostris Phelps & Phelps Jr., 1950, of which the name is preoccupied in Sporophila by Coccoborus magnirostris Swainson, 1837; see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #2840].

189 For placement in S. crassirostris, see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

190 For treatment as a separate species from S. crassirostris, see Hellmayr (1938) [Hellmayr, 1938 #10409], Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337] and Mason & Burns (2013) [Mason, 2013 #15253].

191 Possibly not valid but poorly known; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

192 Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738] agreed with Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #14845] that the name aurita applied to a hybrid between this and the allospecies S. americana.

193 For treatment as a separate species from S. americana see Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738].

194 For date February 1860 see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442] antedating the name ophthalmica of August 1860 (which is in the next volume).

195 Correct original spelling. Spelling hoffmannii in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

196 For recognition see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #14845].

197 Includes chocoana; see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #14845] and Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738].

198 For recognition see Olson (1981) [Olson, 1981 #14845].

199 Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738] considered anchicayae to be a hybrid S. intermedia bogotensis X S. corvina hicksii.

200 For recognition see Restall (2002) [Restall, 2002 #15349], Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443], Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477] and Rising & Jaramillo (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13522]. Possibly a cryptic species; more study needed.

201 Includes agustini; see Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738]. But see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

202 Forms a superspecies with S. corvina, S. murallae and S. intermedia; see Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738].

203 For treatment as a separate species from S. americana see Stiles (1996) [Stiles, 1996 #3738].

204 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

205 Includes mutanda; see Eitniear (2012) [Eitniear, 2012 #15671].

206 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

207 Author is Baird in Lawrence.

208 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

209 Formerly placed in a monotypic genus Dolospingus, but see Robbins et al. (2005) [Robbins, 2005 #10050] and Mason & Burns (2013) [Mason, 2013 #15253].

210 Includes S. melanops, known only from the holotype, which may be an aberrant specimen of S. nigricollis or a hybrid; see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

211 Includes vivida Hellmayr, 1938; this name having been introduced due to perceived homonymy which Mlíkovský (2009) [Mlíkovský, 2009 #11980] suggests never existed and argues that replacement never occurred so that Art, 59.3 of the Coce (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059] does not apply.

212 Previously considered likely to be a hybrid, see Sick (1962) [Sick, 1962 #15698]; but see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Willis & Oniki (1993) [Willis, 1993 #15358].

213 Species perhaps monotypic; see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

214 Includes subconcolor; see Rising & Jaramillo (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13522].

215 This name appears on p. 579 of zu Wied's Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien which is in Pt.1 not Pt. 2 and must therefore be dated 1830; see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #8548].

216 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

217 Formerly placed in Saltator, but see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162].

218 For placement of Pitylus within Saltator see Hellack & Schnell (1977) [Hellack, 1977 #1942], Tamplin et al. (1993) [Tamplin, 1993 #3802], A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162].

219 For transfer from the Cardinalidae to the Thraupidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

220 Species sequence follows Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162]. Further changes made in Burns et al. (2014) [Burns, 2014 #15624] will be dealt with in an Update.

221 May comprise more than one species; see Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162]. But see also Orenstein (2011) [Orenstein, 2011 #13518].

222 Includes caniceps; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

223 Perhaps 1857 see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

224 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with S. similis, but see Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162].

225 May comprise more than one species; see A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9], Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443], Orenstein (2011) [Orenstein, 2011 #13518] and Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162].

226 Includes richardsoni; the type locality of plumbiceps has now been elucidated and the name is not a synonym of vigorsii; see Ludwig (1998) [Ludwig, 1998 #2457].

227 Author Baird in Lawrence. Name not listed by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983].

228 For retention of date 1849 see Evenhuis (1997) [Evenhuis, 1997 #12439] and Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

229 Original spelling striatipictus; justified emendation in use.

230 The population on Isla Puná, SW Ecuador, may deserve subspecies rank; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

231 Perhaps not diagnosable from nominate albicollis; see Orenstein (2011) [Orenstein, 2011 #13518].

232 For treatment as a separate species from S. aurantiirostris see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162]; but see Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983].

233 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with S. nigriceps and S. maxillosus, but see Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162].

234 S. grossus and S. fuliginosus formerly placed in Pitylus, but see Hellack & Schnell (1977) [Hellack, 1977 #1942], Tamplin et al. (1993) [Tamplin, 1993 #3802], A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Chaves et al. (2013) [Chaves, 2013 #15162].

235 Forms a superspecies with S. fuliginosus; see A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

236 For treatment as a separate species from S. grossus, see e.g. Hellmayr (1938) [Hellmayr, 1938 #10409], A.O.U. (1983, 1998) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

237 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

238 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

239 Forms a superspecies with E. longicauda; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

240 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

241 For a suggestion that this may comprise two species, see Hayes (2003) [Hayes, 2003 #1920].

242 Correct original spelling. Misspelled catarmarcanus in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533]. Variable.

243 For recognition see Hayes (2003) [Hayes, 2003 #1920].

244 For recognition, see Contreras (1980) [Contreras, 1980 #15335], Hayes (2003) [Hayes, 2003 #1920] and Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

245 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

246 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with poorly known E. duidae, although they have overlapping altitudinal ranges.

247 May consist of more than one species; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

248 Subspecies groups follow Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

249 Includes floresae; see Eisenmann & Short (1982) [Eisenmann, 1982 #6184] and Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

250 Includes lucaris; see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154]. But see Eisenmann & Short (1982) [Eisenmann, 1982 #6184].

251 For treatment as a separate species from E. herbicola, see Short (1975) [Short, 1975 #13726] and Eisenmann & Short (1982) [Eisenmann, 1982 #6184].

252 For correct date see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #8548].

253 For treatment as a separate species from E. herbicola, see Eisenmann & Short (1982) [Eisenmann, 1982 #6184].

254 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

255 Original spelling; an incorrect Latinisation see Art. 32.5.1 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059]. The old emendation Piezorhina used by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] and in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] is unjustified. But see Kashin (1978) [Kashin, 1978 #6678] and Gregory & Dickinson (2012) [Gregory, 2012 #13835].

256 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

257 Species in this genus were formerly placed in Hemispingus, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

258 Forms a superspecies with P. xanthophthalmus; see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

259 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

260 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

261 For a circumscription of a reduced genus see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755]. The species thoracica, hispaniolensis and rubecula are not closely related to this reduced genus and new generic names are needed for all these species, and are apparently in press.

262 For placement of Poospiza and of all restored and redefined genera (Compsospiza, Microspingus, Poospizopsis), in the Thraupidae see Lougheed et al. (2000) [Lougheed, 2000 #2436], Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736], Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

263 Author erroneously spelled Nordman by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982].

264 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

265 May consist of two species; see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], here treated as two subspecies groups. See also Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

266 Doubtfully distinct from whitii; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

267 Species in this genus were formerly placed in Hemispingus, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

268 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

269 Species in this genus were formerly placed in Poospiza, but see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

270 Forms a superspecies with C. baeri; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

271 Recognition of this reduced genus is temporary; see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755]. Some species will be assigned to the genus Thlypopsis; the others require the proposal of a new genus-group name.

272 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with H. auricularis and H. calophrys, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

273 For treatment as a separate species from H. atropileus, see García-Moreno et al. (2001) [García-Moreno, 2001 #1659], García-Moreno & Fjeldså (2003) [García-Moreno, 2003 #1660] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

274 For treatment as a separate species from H. atropileus, see Weske & Terborgh (1974) [Weske, 1974 #4124].

275 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636]. See also Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

276 Species in this genus were formerly placed in Hemispingus, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

277 This generic name must date from the Proceedings of the Zoological Society and not from Sclater (1862) [Sclater, 1862 #15715], his Catalogue. The name ignobilis, given in his Catalogue as his type species, was only described in the later Proceedings.

278 Subspecies groups based on information in Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

279 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

280 Treated as a separate species by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], Ridgely & Tudor (2009) [Ridgely, 2009 #12008] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

281 Treated, with macrophrys as its subspecies, as a separate species by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], García-Moreno et al. (2001) [García-Moreno, 2001 #1659], García-Moreno & Fjeldså (2003) [García-Moreno, 2003 #1660], Ridgely & Tudor (2009) [Ridgely, 2009 #12008] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

282 Genus temporarily retained; the one species needs transfer to Thlypopsis; see Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755]; however, in that genus the name Tachyphonus ruficeps Strickland, 1844 would be preoccupied by Sylvia ruficeps d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 so a new name is needed and is said to be in press.

283 Genus not monophyletic with respect to Hemispingus superciliaris and Pyrrhocoma ruficeps and a revision is in hand; see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

284 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with T. pectoralis.

285 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with T. inornata.

286 For recognition of this genus see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

287 Species M. lateralis through M. torquatus formerly placed in Poospiza, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

288 For treatment as a separate species from M. lateralis, see Assis et al. (2007) [Assis, 2007 #10023]. See also Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

289 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

290 Date given as 1942 by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] but printed 26 June 1941 and separate known with library stamp dated 22 July 1941.

291 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with M. cinereus.

292 For treatment as a separate species from M. melanoleucus see Short (1975) [Short, 1975 #13726] and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

293 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

294 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Lougheed et al. (2000) [Lougheed, 2000 #2436]; but more study needed, see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

295 Formerly placed in Hemispingus, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

296 For placement in the Thraupidae, see Bledsoe (1988) [Bledsoe, 1988 #15333], Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

297 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

298 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348] and Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

299 Species in this genus were formerly placed in Poospiza, but see Shultz & Burns (2013) [Shultz, 2013 #14755].

300 Correct original spelling. Emendation used by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] and in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] is unjustified.

301 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

302 Forms a superspecies with I. personata and I. ortizi; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

303 For treatment as a separate species from I. pulchra, see Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

304 For recognition of this genus see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736], Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348]. R. fruticeti, R. carbonaria and R. alaudina formerly placed in Phrygilus, and R. caerulescens previously formed a monotypic genus Porphyrospiza which is subsumed here.

305 For recognition see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] and Fjeldså (1993) [Fjeldså, 1993 #1571].

306 For separation from Passerina, see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636]. Confirmed by genetic data, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

307 Subspecies groups follow Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

308 For recognition see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

309 Treated as incertae sedis by Lowery & Monroe (1968) [Lowery, 1968 #2448] and later briefly given family rank. For placement in Thraupidae, see e.g. Bledsoe (1988) [Bledsoe, 1988 #15333], Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585], Lovette & Bermingham (2002) [Lovette, 2002 #2441] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

310 Dated 1808 by Lowery & Monroe (1968: 87) [Lowery, 1968 #2448], but see Browning & Monroe (1991) [Browning, 1991 #542]. However, correct date unknown, see Dickinson (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #12761].

311 Bellemain et al. (2008) [Bellemain, 2008 #11205] found taxa in this species formed three clades, whereas Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] identified two subspecies groups.

312 The cover of the first issue in 1866 of the Journal für Ornithologie reports that the November 1865 issue will follow. The taxon is named in that November issue.

313 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

314 This taxon plus C. f. newtoni and C. f. barbadensis all change authorship in the light of Banks & Browning (1979) [Banks, 1979 #190].

315 For recommended date see Anon. (1947) [Anon., 1947 #14610].

316 For correct date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

317 Genus not monophyletic; see Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744]. T. obscurus and T. fuliginosus are unrelated to any other genus, and thus require a new generic name which we hear is in press.

318 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586].

319 Introduced to Hawaiian Is. (Oahu).

320 Formerly placed in Sporophila but see Clark (1986) [Clark, 1986 #15334], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Ouellet (1992) [Ouellet, 1992 #2885], Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Lijtmaer et al. (2004) [Lijtmaer, 2004 #2391].

321 May be indistinguishable from obscurus; see Bates (1997) [Bates, 1997 #235].

322 Includes fumosa and zuliae; see Bates (1997) [Bates, 1997 #235].

323 For changed composition of this genus and inclusion of Loxigilla portoricensis and L. violacea, see Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744].

324 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586].

325 May be a separate species; see Garrido & Wiley (2003) [Garrido, 2003 #1684].

326 For recognition see Rising (2011) [Rising, 2011 #13520].

327 Date 1919 given by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] incorrect; see Richmond (1992) [Richmond, 1992 #8978]. Verified to original.

328 Includes parishi; see Buden (1986) [Buden, 1986 #567].

329 May be a separate species; see Bradley (2000) [Bradley, 2000 #15701].

330 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586].

331 For treatment as separate from Tiaris, see Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744].

332 Introduced to Bahamas (New Providence).

333 For inclusion of Tiaris bicolor, see Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744].

334 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586].

335 Dates from 1864 see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

336 For a circumscription of a reduced genus see Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744].

337 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae see Burns et al. (2002, 2003) [Burns, 2002 #585], [Burns, 2003 #586].

338 For treatment as a separate species from L. noctis see Buckley & Buckley (2004) [Buckley, 2004 #564] and Banks et al. (2006) [Banks, 2006 #5803].

339 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see e.g. Sato et al. (2001) [Sato, 2001 #3479] and Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585].

340 For treatment as a separate species from C. olivacea, see Petren et al. (1999) [Petren, 1999 #15703], Grant & Grant (2002) [Grant, 2002 #15704] and Tonnis et al. (2005) [Tonnis, 2005 #10095].

341 For treatment as separate from Camarhynchus, see Sato et al. (1999) [Sato, 1999 #3478], Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585] and Mallarino et al. (2012) [Mallarino, 2012 #14744].

342 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see e.g. Sato et al. (2001) [Sato, 2001 #3479] and Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585].

343 The poorly known extinct form G. nebulosa Gould 1837 may belong to this species, and the name would have priority; see Lack (1969) [Lack, 1969 #15341] and Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982].

344 Apparently polyphyletic, but two molecular data sets differ in the placement of populations; see Petren et al. (2005) [Petren, 2005 #10022].

345 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Petren et al. (2005) [Petren, 2005 #10022].

346 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see e.g. Sato et al. (2001) [Sato, 2001 #3479] and Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585].

347 Correct original spelling. Misspelled striatipectus in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533]. Invariable.

348 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Sato et al. (2001) [Sato, 2001 #3479] and Burns et al. (2002) [Burns, 2002 #585].

349 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

350 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736], Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

351 For the conservation of this name see Opinion 2004 (I.C.Z.N., 2002) [I.C.Z.N., 2002 #2060].

352 Includes Flintthraupis Kashin, 1978 [Kashin, 1978 #6678] proposed as a replacement name for Neothraupis Hellmayr, 1936, said to be preoccupied. However, that name has since been formally conserved.

353 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736], Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041] and Campagna et al. (2011) [Campagna, 2011 #12844].

354 Doubtfully distinct from nominate speculifera; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

355 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

356 Believed to form a superspecies with D. speculifera; see Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636]. However, it may not be closely related to it; see Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337]. Genetic study including D. speculifera needed.

357 Introduced to Easter I.

358 1851? (1850) in Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

359 Sequence of species follows Dávalos & Porzecanski (2009) [Dávalos, 2009 #11834].

360 For transfer from the Emberizidae to the Thraupidae, as anticipated by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2982], see Yuri & Mindell (2002) [Yuri, 2002 #4290], Burns & Naoki (2004) [Burns, 2004 #587], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

361 Although published in the October to December issue of this journal that includes a table of meteorological readings to the end of December so printing and distribution cannot have been before January. It has been suggested the book of much the same name appeared in 1831; this needs review.

362 Introduced to Hawaiian Is.

363 Believed to form a superspecies with P. coronata by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], but see Dávalos & Porzecanski (2009) [Dávalos, 2009 #11834].

364 For treatment as a separate species from P. gularis, see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477], Dávalos & Porzecanski (2009) [Dávalos, 2009 #11834] and Jaramillo (2011) [Jaramillo, 2011 #15337].

365 For suggestion that this might be treated as a separate species see Lopes & Gonzaga (2013) [Lopes, 2013 #15605].

366 Species not monophyletic with respect to P. capitata; see Dávalos & Porzecanski (2009) [Dávalos, 2009 #11834].

367 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with P. gularis and P. baeri; which would include P. nigrogenis.

368 Includes fuscipes; see Dávalos & Porzecanski (2009) [Dávalos, 2009 #11834].

369 For the conservation of this name see Opinion 2004 (I.C.Z.N., 2002) [I.C.Z.N., 2002 #2060].

370 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

371 Forms a superspecies with I. porphyrocephalus; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

372 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

373 Forms a superspecies with I. reinhardti; see Parker et al. (1985) [Parker, 1985 #2907] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

374 Doubtfully distinct from nominate rufivertex; see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

375 Doubtfully distinct from nominate rufivertex; see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570] and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

376 Possibly a separate species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

377 For treatment as a separate species from I. rufivertex, see e.g. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

378 For inclusion of Thraupis bonariensis, see Burns et al. (2003) [Burns, 2003 #586], Burns & Naoki (2004) [Burns, 2004 #587] and Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

379 Wolters (1980) [Wolters, 1980 #4263] placed this species in a new genus Rauenia; which be appropriate.

380 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

381 For changed composition of this genus, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736]. The genus Delothraupis is subsumed.

382 Formerly placed in the genus Saltator, but see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

383 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

384 May comprise two or three species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

385 Includes peruvianus; see Isler & Isler (1987) [Isler, 1987 #2092].

386 Formerly placed in a monotypic genus Delothraupis, but see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

387 For treatment as separate from Buthraupis see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

388 For treatment as separate from Thraupis see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

389 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

390 Genus possibly not monophyletic; see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

391 For treatment as a separate species from A. lacrymosus, see e.g. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676], Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Donegan & Avendaño (2010) [Donegan, 2010 #12160].

392 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with A. melanogenys, but see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

393 For recognition see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

394 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

395 Mistakenly called A. flavinuchus by Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746], when the oldest subspecific name listed was somptuosus.

396 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

397 Perhaps not diagnosably different from nominate somptuosus; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

398 Correct original spelling. Invariable. Spelling flavinuchus in Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was an ISS.

399 Treated as a separate species by Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

400 For a circumscription of a reduced genus see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

401 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

402 For recognition see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477], but see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517]. Corroboration desirable.

403 For treatment as separate from Buthraupis see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

404 Forms a superspecies with C. aureodorsalis; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

405 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

406 For treatment of Bangsia as separate from Buthraupis, see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271], Monroe et al. (1993) [Monroe, 1993 #14782] and Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

407 For changed composition of this genus and inclusion of Thraupis, see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041]. See also Burns & Naoki (2004) [Burns, 2004 #587].

408 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

409 Includes consobrina, see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517]; lozanoana Aveledo & Pérez, 1994 [Aveledo, 1994 #119] best placed here until firmly corroborated, see doubts in Hilty (2003) [Hilty, 2003 #12443].

410 Forms a superspecies with T. fucosa; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

411 For treatment as a separate species from T. dowii, see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517]; but see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154] and Isler & Isler (1987) [Isler, 1987 #2092].

412 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

413 Forms a superspecies with T. lavinia; see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746].

414 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

415 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

416 Name in caption to Plate 9. For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

417 Doubtfully distinct from aurulenta; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

418 Includes T. schrankii anchicayae; see Haffer (1975) [Haffer, 1975 #14458] and Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967].

419 Includes auriceps; see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

420 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

421 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

422 May merit treatment as a separate species, as in the past; see Hellmayr (1936) [Hellmayr, 1936 #6473] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

423 For retention of date 1849 see Evenhuis (1997) [Evenhuis, 1997 #12439] and Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

424 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

425 Possibly a separate species; see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and Assis et al. (2008) [Assis, 2008 #13454].

426 Often spelled cyanomelaena e.g. by Hellmayr (1936) [Hellmayr, 1936 #6473] and Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746], but see David & Gosselin (2002) [David, 2002 #1124].

427 Forms a superspecies with T. cyanoventris; see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746].

428 Plate 58. For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

429 May comprise more than one species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

430 May comprise more than one species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

431 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

432 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Hilty (2003, 2011) [Hilty, 2003 #12443], [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

433 May comprise more than one species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

434 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] except for the placement of amabilis; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

435 For date used see Sherborn (1930) [Sherborn, 1930 #14154] where reference is made to the plate list. If a list of the plates issued in each part has been published this is not known to us but this could perhaps justify an earlier date.

436 Species T. glaucocolpa through T. palmarum formerly placed in Thraupis, but see Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

437 For treatment as a separate species from T. sayaca, see Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps (1978) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1978 #2680].

438 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

439 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with T. episcopus and T. glaucocolpa.

440 Review of subspecies desirable; see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

441 For date used see Browning & Monroe (1991) [Browning, 1991 #542].

442 Perhaps not diagnosable from ehrenreichi; see Parkes (1994) [Parkes, 1994 #2945].

443 For recognition see Parkes (1994) [Parkes, 1994 #2945].

444 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

445 Isler & Isler (1987) [Isler, 1987 #2092] considered T. cabanisi and T. palmeri to be sister species. They are allopatric.

446 For correct date see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

447 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

448 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with T. larvata, but see Burns & Naoki (2004) [Burns, 2004 #587] and Sedano & Burns (2010) [Sedano, 2010 #12041].

449 The name Aglaia cyanoptera Swainson, 1834 is preoccupied in Tangara by Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot, 1817.

450 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

451 Probably represents a separate species; see Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271].

452 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

453 Species may be monotypic; see Bond & Meyer de Schauensee (1942) [Bond, 1942 #14386].

454 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with T. phillipsi.

455 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

456 For support for treatment as a separate species from T. peruviana, see Firme et al. (2007) [Firme, 2007 #11220].

457 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

458 For recommended date see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

459 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

460 Considered by Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517] to form a superspecies with T. cucullata, T. peruviana, T. preciosa, T. vitriolina and T. meyerdeschauenseei.

461 For recognition see Gyldenstolpe (1945) [Gyldenstolpe, 1945 #1845] and Corrigenda to Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676].