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CARDINALIDAE - Cardinals, Grosbeaks and allies¹ (11:48)

PHEUCTICUS Reichenbach, 1850 M - Pitylus aureoventris d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent monotypy (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 75).

Pheucticus chrysopeplus^2,3 Yellow Grosbeak

dilutus van Rossem, 1934 vNW Mexico (C Sonora, SW Chihuahua, N Sinaloa)

chrysopeplus (Vigors, 1832) vPacific slope of W Mexico (C Sinaloa to N Guerrero)

aurantiacus Salvin & Godman, 1891 vS Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala

Pheucticus tibialis ⁴ Lawrence, 1867 Black-thighed Grosbeak

vMountains of Costa Rica to WC Panama

Pheucticus chrysogaster⁵ Golden Grosbeak

laubmanni Hellmayr & von Seilern, 1915 iN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts., Sierra de Perijá), N Venezuela

chrysogaster (Lesson, 1832) iSW Colombia (Andes of Nariño) to S Peru (Arequipa, Puno)

Pheucticus aureoventris^6,7 Black-backed Grosbeak

1 meridensis Riley, 1905 vW Venezuela (Andes of Mérida)

1 uropygialis P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1871 vColombia (E and C Andes from Norte de Santander to Cundinamarca, Huila)

2 crissalis P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1877 vSW Colombia (Andes of Nariño) to C Ecuador

3 terminalis Chapman, 1919 vE Peru (Andes of Amazonas, Cuzco)

4 aureoventris (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vS Peru (Puno), Bolivia (La Paz to Tarija), NW Argentina (Jujuy to San Luis) >> WC Brazil, N Paraguay

Pheucticus ludovicianus ⁸ (Linnaeus, 1766) Rose-breasted Grosbeak

vS Canada, E USA (to N Georgia) >> Mexico, West Indies, N South America

Pheucticus melanocephalus⁹ Black-headed Grosbeak

maculatus (Audubon, 1837)¹⁰ vPacific coast of SW Canada (SW British Columbia), W USA, NW Mexico (N Baja California) >> Mexico

melanocephalus (Swainson, 1827)¹¹ vSW Canada, WC USA (Rocky Mts. and W Great Plains) to Mexico (Oaxaca)

GRANATELLUS Bonaparte, 1850 M - Granatellus venustus Du Bus; type by monotypy = Granatellus venustus Bonaparte, 1850 ^12,13

Granatellus venustus^14,15 Red-breasted Chat

1 francescae S.F. Baird, 1865¹⁶ iIslas Marías (off W Mexico)

2 venustus Bonaparte, 1850^17,18 vW Mexico (Sinaloa to Chiapas)

Granatellus sallaei Gray-throated Chat

sallaei (Bonaparte, 1856) iS Mexico (Atlantic slope from S Veracruz to N Chiapas)

boucardi Ridgway, 1885¹⁹ αiSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen.), Belize, C Guatemala

Granatellus pelzelni Rose-breasted Chat

pelzelni P.L. Sclater, 1865 iSE Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, C and E Amazonian Brazil, N Bolivia

paraensis Rothschild, 1906 vE Amazonian Brazil south of R. Amazon (east of R. Tocantins)

SPIZA Bonaparte, 1824 F - Emberiza americana J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by subsequent designation (Bonaparte, 1827, Specchio Comp. Ornith. Roma Filadelfia, p. 47).

Spiza americana (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Dickcissel

vSC Canada (SE Saskatchewan, SW Manitoba), C and EC USA (E Montana to Wisconsin, south to Texas and Georgia) >> N South America

PASSERINA Vieillot, 1816 F - Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus, 1766; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 46). ²⁰

Passerina cyanea ²¹ (Linnaeus, 1766) Indigo Bunting

vS Canada, E and S USA (Atlantic and Gulf coasts, New Mexico, Arizona) >> West Indies, Mexico to Panama

Passerina caerulea Blue Grosbeak

caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758)²² vSE USA (Kansas to S New Jersey, south to Texas to C Florida) >> Mexico, Central America

interfusa (Dwight & Griscom, 1927) vW USA (S South Dakota to Arizona, New Mexico), N Mexico (Coahuila to Sinaloa) >> W Mexico to Honduras

salicaria (G.B. Grinnell, 1911) vSW USA (C and S California to Arizona), NW Mexico (N Baja California) >> NW Mexico

eurhyncha (Coues, 1874) vC and S Mexico (S Tamaulipas to Oaxaca)

chiapensis (Nelson, 1898) vS Mexico (E Oaxaca, Chiapas), Guatemala

deltarhyncha (van Rossem, 1938) vW Mexico (Pacific coast from S Sonora to Guerrero)

lazula (Lesson, 1842) vS Guatemala to NW Costa Rica

Passerina amoena ^23,24 (Say, 1822) Lazuli Buntingα

vSW Canada, W USA (south to California and New Mexico), NW Mexico (NW Baja California) >> W Mexico (south to NW Oaxaca)

Passerina rositae (Lawrence, 1874) Rose-bellied Bunting

iS Mexico (SE Oaxaca, W Chiapas)

Passerina leclancherii Orange-breasted Bunting

grandior Griscom, 1934 vSW Mexico (Colima to W Chiapas)

leclancherii Lafresnaye, 1840 iSW Mexico (C Guerrero)

Passerina versicolor Varied Bunting

versicolor (Bonaparte, 1838) iS USA (S New Mexico; S Texas) to C Mexico (to Oaxaca)

dickeyae van Rossem, 1934²⁵ iS USA (C and S Arizona, S New Mexico), W Mexico (Sonora, WC Chihuahua to Colima)

pulchra Ridgway, 1887 vNW Mexico (S Baja California)

purpurascens Griscom, 1930²⁶ iS Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala

Passerina ciris Painted Bunting

1 ciris (Linnaeus, 1758) iE USA (Atlantic coast) >> S Florida, Bahamas, Cuba

2 pallidior Mearns, 1911²⁷ vS USA (Kansas, Tennessee to New Mexico, Texas), N Mexico (Chihuahua to NW Tamaulipas) >> W Panama

CYANOCOMPSA Cabanis, 1861 F - Fringilla parellina Lichtenstein; type by original designation = Cyanoloxia parellina Bonaparte, 1850 ²⁸

Cyanocompsa parellina Blue Bunting

beneplacita Bangs, 1915²⁹ vNE Mexico (Nuevo León, W and S Tamaulipas)

indigotica (Ridgway, 1887) vW Mexico (Pacific slope from C Sinaloa to SW Chiapas)

parellina (Bonaparte, 1850)³⁰ vE Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz to Yucatan Pen.), NW Nicaragua

AMAUROSPIZA Cabanis, 1861 F - Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis, 1861; type by original designation ^31,32

Amaurospiza concolor³³ Blue Seedeater

1 relicta (Griscom, 1934)³⁴ vMountains of SW Mexico (Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca)

1 concolor Cabanis, 1861 iS Mexico (Chiapas), ?Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, W and C Panama

2 aequatorialis Sharpe, 1888 vSW Colombia (Nariño) to N Peru (Cajamarca)

Amaurospiza carrizalensis Lentino & Restall, 2003 Carrizal Seedeater

vSC Venezuela (N Bolívar) [Lentino, 2003 #2370]

Amaurospiza moesta (Hartlaub, 1853) Blackish-blue Seedeater

vSE Brazil (S Espírito Santo to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

CYANOLOXIA Bonaparte, 1850 F - Pyrrhula glaucocaerulea d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837; type by subsequent designation (Hellmayr, 1938, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 11, p. 105). ^35,36

Cyanoloxia cyanoides^37,38 Blue-black Grosbeak

1 concreta Du Bus, 1855 vSE Mexico (Veracruz to S Yucatan Pen.) Belize, N Guatemala, Honduras

1 caerulescens (Todd, 1923)³⁹ iNicaragua to W Panama

1 cyanoides (Lafresnaye, 1847) iE Panama east to NW Venezuela, south to NW Peru (Tumbes)

2 rothschildii (E. Bartlett, 1890) iVenezuela, the Guianas south to E Peru, Brazil (to N Mato Grosso, N Maranhão), N Bolivia

Cyanoloxia brissonii⁴⁰ Ultramarine Grosbeak

caucae (Chapman, 1912) iSW Colombia (upper Patía valley, upper Cauca valley, Dagua valley)

minor (Cabanis, 1861) vN Venezuela (mountains from Falcón to Monagas)

brissonii (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) iNE Brazil (Piauí, Ceará to Bahia)

sterea (Oberholser, 1901) vE and S Brazil (Mato Grosso, Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina, Uruguay

argentina (Sharpe, 1888) vBolivia, S Brazil (W Mato Grosso), Paraguay, N Argentina (south to La Rioja to Buenos Aires)

Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) Glaucous-blue Grosbeak

vNE Argentina (Misiones to Buenos Aires), SE Brazil (S São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay

HABIA Blyth, 1840 F - Tanagra flammiceps Temminck, 1823; type by subsequent designation (Oberholser, 1922, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 80). = Saltator rubicus Vieillot, 1817 ^41,42

Habia fuscicauda⁴³ Red-throated Ant Tanager

1 salvini (von Berlepsch, 1883) iE Mexico (San Luis Potosí) to El Salvador

1 insularis (Salvin, 1888) vSE Mexico (N and E Yucatan Pen.), N Guatemala

1 discolor (Ridgway, 1901) iNicaragua

2 fuscicauda (Cabanis, 1861) iS Nicaragua to W Panama

2 willisi Parkes, 1969 iC Panama (Caribbean slope from Coclé to Comarca Guna Yala)

2 erythrolaema (P.L. Sclater, 1862) vNW Colombia (Caribbean coast)

Habia gutturalis ⁴⁴ (P.L. Sclater, 1854) Sooty Ant Tanager

vNW Colombia (south to N Cundinamarca)

Habia atrimaxillaris ⁴⁵ (Dwight & Griscom, 1924) Black-cheeked Ant Tanager

vSW Costa Rica (S Puntarenas)

Habia cristata (Lawrence, 1875) Crested Ant Tanager

vW Colombia (W slope of W Andes in Antioquia to Cauca)

Habia rubica⁴⁶ Red-crowned Ant Tanager

holobrunnea Griscom, 1930 vE Mexico (S Tamaulipas to N Oaxaca)

rosea (Nelson, 1898) vSW Mexico (Pacific slope from Nayarit to Guerrero)

affinis (Nelson, 1897) vS Mexico (SW Oaxaca)

nelsoni (Ridgway, 1902) iSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen.)

rubicoides (Lafresnaye, 1844) iS Mexico (Puebla to Chiapas) to El Salvador

vinacea (Lawrence, 1867) vPacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama

alfaroana (Ridgway, 1905) vN Costa Rica (Guanacaste)

perijana W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1957 vSierra de Perijá (Colombian-Venezuelan border)

coccinea (Todd, 1919) vW Venezuela (base of Andes from Lara to Táchira), NC Colombia

crissalis Parkes, 1969 vNE Venezuela (mountains of Anzoátegui, Sucre)

rubra (Vieillot, 1819) vTrinidad

mesopotamia Parkes, 1969 vE Venezuela (E Bolívar)

rhodinolaema (Salvin & Godman, 1883) vS Colombia (Meta to Caquetá), E Ecuador, NE Peru, NW Brazil

peruviana (Taczanowski, 1884) vE Peru, W Brazil, N Bolivia (to Santa Cruz)

hesterna Griscom & Greenway, 1937 vC Brazil (south of R. Amazon east to R. Xingu, south to N Mato Grosso)

bahiae Hellmayr, 1936 iE Brazil (Alagoas; SE Bahia)

rubica (Vieillot, 1817)⁴⁷ vE Paraguay, SE Brazil (S Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina (Misiones)

Habia carmioli^48,49 Carmiol's Tanager

1 carmioli (Lawrence, 1868) iCaribbean slope in Nicaragua to NW Panama

1 magnirostris (Griscom, 1927) vW Panama

1 lutescens (Griscom, 1927) iC Panama (Coclé) to NW Colombia (Chocó)

2 frenata (von Berlepsch, 1907)⁵⁰ vE base of Andes in Colombia (Caquetá, Nariño), Peru to WC Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Habia olivacea ⁵¹ (Cassin, 1860) Lemon-spectacled Tanager

vE Panama (Pacific slope in Darién) to NW Ecuador (N Esmeraldas)

Habia stolzmanni Ochre-breasted Tanager

dugandi (Meyer de Schauensee, 1948)⁵² iW Colombia (Pacific slope of Andes from Risaralda to Nariño), NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas)

stolzmanni (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884)⁵³ iW Ecuador (W slope of Andes from Pichincha to El Oro)

PIRANGA Vieillot, 1807 F - Muscicapa rubra Linnaeus, 1766; type by monotypy = Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, 1758 ^54,55,56

Piranga roseogularis Rose-throated Tanager

roseogularis S. Cabot, 1846 vSE Mexico (N Campeche, N Yucatán, N Quintana Roo)

tincta Paynter, 1950 vSE Mexico (C and S Yucatan Pen.), Belize, N Guatemala

cozumelae Ridgway, 1901 iIsla Mujeres, Isla de Cozumel, off SE Mexico

Piranga erythrocephala Red-headed Tanager

candida Griscom, 1934 vNW Mexico (S Sonora to Jalisco) >> C Mexico (Michoacán)

erythrocephala (Swainson, 1827) vSC and S Mexico (Jalisco to E Oaxaca)

Piranga rubriceps G.R. Gray, 1844 Red-hooded Tanager

iW Colombia (all three ranges of Andes, E slope in Nariño, Putumayo) to N Peru (Huánuco)

Piranga leucoptera⁵⁷ White-winged Tanager

leucoptera Trudeau, 1840⁵⁸ vHighlands of E Mexico (from Tamaulipas) to Nicaragua

latifasciata Ridgway, 1887 vHighlands of Costa Rica, W Panama

venezuelae J.T. Zimmer, 1947 iAndes of Colombia (except Nariño), Highlands of Venezuela, N Brazil

ardens (von Tschudi, 1844) iSW Colombia (W slope of Andes in Nariño), to Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Piranga olivacea (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Scarlet Tanager

vSE Canada, E USA (South Dakota, Kansas to Vermont, North Carolina) >> NW South America

Piranga rubra Summer Tanager

1 cooperi Ridgway, 1869^59,60 iSW USA (SE California to W Texas), N Mexico (NE Baja California, Sonora to C Nuevo León) >> C Mexico

2 rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) vE USA (SE Nebraska, Delaware to C Texas, Gulf coast, Florida) >> Central America and N South America

Piranga bidentata Flame-colored Tanager

bidentata Swainson, 1827 vSW USA (S Arizona, W Texas), W Mexico (Sonora to Guerrero)

flammea Ridgway, 1887 vW Mexico (Islas Marías, Nayarit)

sanguinolenta Lafresnaye, 1839 vE Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas) to N El Salvador

citrea van Rossem, 1934 vCosta Rica, W Panama

Piranga ludoviciana ⁶¹ (A. Wilson, 1811) Western Tanager

vS Alaska, W Canada, W USA (to California, W Texas), NW Mexico (N Baja California) >> Central America

Piranga flava⁶² Hepatic Tanager

1 hepatica Swainson, 1827 vSW USA (E California, Arizona, W New Mexico), W Mexico (to Oaxaca)

1 dextra Bangs, 1907 vSW USA (New Mexico, W Texas), E Mexico (to Chiapas) >> W Guatemala

1 figlina Salvin & Godman, 1883 vE Guatemala, Belize

1 savannarum T.R. Howell, 1965 iE Honduras, Belize

1 albifacies J.T. Zimmer, 1929 iHighlands of W Guatemala to NC Nicaragua

2 testacea P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1868⁶³ vHighlands of N Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to E Panama (Darién)

2 faceta Bangs, 1898 vN Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.), mountains of N Venezuela; Trinidad

2 haemalea Salvin & Godman, 1883⁶⁴ vS Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil (Serra Imeri)

2 toddi Parkes, 1969 iColombia (W slope of E Andes in Magdalena, E slope in Norte de Santander)

2 desidiosa Bangs & Noble, 1918 vSW Colombia (Antioquia to Cauca)

2 lutea (Lesson, 1834) vSW Colombia (Andes of Nariño) to NW Bolivia (Cochabamba)

3 macconnelli C. Chubb, 1921⁶⁵ iS Guyana, S Surinam, N Brazil (E Roraima)

3 rosacea Todd, 1922 vE Bolivia (E Santa Cruz)

3 saira (von Spix, 1825) iE and S Brazil (Amapá, C Pará; SE Alagoas; C Maranhão, C Piauí to Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul)

3 flava (Vieillot, 1822) vSE Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), Paraguay to N Argentina (to N Buenos Aires), Uruguay

CARDINALIS Bonaparte, 1838 M - Cardinalis virginianus Bonaparte, 1838; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 43). = Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus, 1758 ⁶⁶

Cardinalis cardinalis^67,68,69 Northern Cardinal

1 cardinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) iE USA (east of South Dakota to C Louisiana except SE Georgia and Florida Pen.)⁷⁰

1 floridanus Ridgway, 1896⁷¹ vSE USA (SE Georgia, Florida Pen.)

1 magnirostris Bangs, 1903 vS USA (C Oklahoma, S Texas to SW Mississippi)

1 canicaudus Chapman, 1891 iE Mexico (Coahuila to Jalisco, Hidalgo)

2 coccineus Ridgway, 1873 vE Mexico (Atlantic coast from San Luis Potosí to Veracruz)

2 littoralis Nelson, 1897 vSE Mexico (S Veracruz, Tabasco)

2 yucatanicus Ridgway, 1887 vSE Mexico (base of Yucatan Pen.)

2 phillipsi Parkes, 1997⁷² iSE Mexico (coastal Yucatán) [Parkes, 1997 #2948]

2 saturatus Ridgway, 1885 vIsla de Cozumel, off Yucatan Pen.

2 flammiger J.L. Peters, 1913⁷³ vSE Mexico (Quintana Roo), NE Belize, N Guatemala (Petén)

3 mariae Nelson, 1898 iIslas Marías, off W Mexico

3 seftoni (Huey, 1940) iNW Mexico (C Baja California)

3 igneus S.F. Baird, 1860 vNW Mexico (S Baja California)

3 clintoni (Banks, 1963)⁷⁴ iNW Mexico (Isla Cerralvo, off SE Baja California)

3 sinaloensis Nelson, 1899⁷⁵ vW Mexico (Sinaloa to Michoacán)

3 superbus Ridgway, 1885 vSW USA (SE California to SW New Mexico), NW Mexico (N Sonora)

3 townsendi (van Rossem, 1932) iNW Mexico (Isla Tiburón, coastal Sonora)

3 affinis Nelson, 1899 vWC Mexico (SE Sonora to W Durango)

4 carneus (Lesson, 1842) vW and S Mexico (coastal Colima to Oaxaca)

Cardinalis phoeniceus Bonaparte, 1838 Vermilion Cardinal

vN Colombia (Guajira Pen.), N Venezuela (Zulia, Falcón, SE Lara; NE Anzoátegui, Sucre, Isla de Margarita)

Cardinalis sinuatus⁷⁶ Pyrrhuloxia

sinuatus Bonaparte, 1838 vS USA (S New Mexico, SE Texas), Mexico (Tamaulipas to Jalisco, Michoacán)

fulvescens (van Rossem, 1934) iS USA (S Arizona), NW Mexico (Sonora to N Nayarit)

peninsulae (Ridgway, 1887) iNW Mexico (C and S Baja California)

CARYOTHRAUSTES Reichenbach, 1850 M - Coccothraustes viridis Vieillot, 1817; type by subsequent designation (Sclater & Salvin, 1869, Exotic Ornith., p. 167). = Loxia canadensis Linnaeus, 1766 ⁷⁷

Caryothraustes poliogaster⁷⁸ Black-faced Grosbeak

poliogaster (Du Bus, 1847) iSE Mexico (Caribbean lowlands from C Veracruz to S Quintana Roo) Belize, N Guatemala, N Honduras

scapularis (Ridgway, 1888)⁷⁹ αvCaribbean lowlands off E Honduras to Panama

Caryothraustes canadensis⁸⁰ Yellow-green Grosbeak

simulans Nelson, 1912⁸¹ E Panama (Cerro Pirre)

canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766) vSE Colombia (Vaupés), SE Venezuela (Amazonas to Delta Amacuro), the Guianas, N Brazil (to N Maranhão)

frontalis (Hellmayr, 1905) vNE Brazil (Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas)

brasiliensis Cabanis, 1851 vE Brazil (E Bahia to Rio de Janeiro)

Caryothraustes celaeno (Deppe, 1830) Crimson-collared Grosbeak

NE Mexico (Atlantic slope from C Nuevo León to N Veracruz)

Caryothraustes erythromelas (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Red-and-black Grosbeak

E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (Amapá to E Pará, N Maranhão; NE Amazonas to W Pará)

1 Sequence of genera based on Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

2 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with P. tibialis, P. chrysogaster and P. aureoventris. Species limits within it may need adjustments; see Pulgarín et al. (2013) [Pulgarín, 2013 #15183].

3 Possibly paraphyletic with respect to P. tibialis; see Pulgarín et al. (2013) [Pulgarín, 2013 #15183].

4 For treatment as a separate species from P. chrysopeplus, see Eisenmann (1955) [Eisenmann, 1955 #1490], A.O.U. (1983, 1998) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519], but see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

5 For treatment as a separate species from P. chrysopeplus, see Eisenmann (1955) [Eisenmann, 1955 #1490], A.O.U. (1983, 1998) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519], but see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

6 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

7 May be paraphyletic with respect to P. chrysogaster, and more study needed; see Pulgarín et al. (2013) [Pulgarín, 2013 #15183]. Apparently hybridises with P. chrysogaster in Ecuador; see Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) [Fjeldså, 1990 #1570].

8 Forms a superspecies with P. melanocephalus; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636]; sometimes considered conspecific, e.g. Phillips (1994) [Phillips, 1994 #3073], but see A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Mettler & Spellman (2009) [Mettler, 2009 #11881].

9 Genus name misspelled in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].

10 Diagnosability questioned by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983].

11 Includes rostratus A.R. Phillips, 1994 [Phillips, 1994 #3073], see Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519]; but see Dickerman & Parkes (1997) [Dickerman, 1997 #1353].

12 Formerly tentatively placed in Parulidae, e.g. by Lowery & Monroe (1968) [Lowery, 1968 #2448], but treated as incertae sedis in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533]. For transfer to the Cardinalidae, see Lovette & Bermingham (2002) [Lovette, 2002 #2441], Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

13 Dated '1951?' by Lowery & Monroe (1968) [Lowery, 1968 #2448], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

14 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

15 Forms a superspecies with G. sallaei and G. pelzelni; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Curson (2010) [Curson, 2010 #13498].

16 Dual original spellings. See David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

17 Includes melanotis; see Miller et al. (1957) [Miller, 1957 #13814] and Curson (2010) [Curson, 2010 #13498].

18 Dated '1851?' by Lowery & Monroe (1968) [Lowery, 1968 #2448], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

19 For recommended date see Anon. (1947) [Anon., 1947 #14610].

20 Sequence of species follows Klicka et al. (2001, 2007) [Klicka, 2001 #2238], [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

21 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9] to form a superspecies with P. amoena; but see Klicka et al. (2001, 2007) [Klicka, 2001 #2238], [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Carling & Brumfield (2008) [Carling, 2008 #10367].

22 Includes mesophila Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809]; see Browning (1978) [Browning, 1978 #536].

23 For close relationship with P. caerulea see Carling & Brumfeld (2008) [Carling, 2008 #10367].

24 For date correction see Woodman (2010) [Woodman, 2010 #13512].

25 Doubtfully diagnosable; see Groschupf & Thompson (1998) [Groschupf, 1998 #15392].

26 Doubtfully diagnosable; see Hellmayr (1938) [Hellmayr, 1938 #10409] and Groschupf & Thompson (1998) [Groschupf, 1998 #15392].

27 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Thompson (1991) [Thompson, 1991 #15396].

28 Treated as a synonym of Passerina by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983]. For recognition see A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and subsequent authors.

29 Includes lucida; see Miller et al. (1957) [Miller, 1957 #13814]. But see Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] and Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519].

30 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

31 For placement in Cardinalidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

32 Species limits in this genus have been controversial; see Lentino & Restall (2003) [Lentino, 2003 #2370].

33 Probably best treated as two species based on evidence presented by Bryson et al. (2014) [Bryson, 2014 #15656].

34 Treated as a separate species by Howell & Webb (1995) [Howell, 1995 #13863] and as a subspecies group by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

35 Treated as a synonym of Passerina by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983]. But see Meyer de Schauensee (1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678], Ridgely & Tudor (1989) [Ridgely, 1989 #3271] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9]. For inclusion of C. cyanoides and C. brissonii see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Bryson et al. (2014) [Bryson, 2014 #15656].

36 Dated '1851?' by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983], but see Zimmer (1926) [Zimmer, 1926 #4296].

37 For removal from Cyanocompsa and placement in Cyanoloxia see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

38 Probably best treated as two species based on evidence provided by Bryson et al. (2014) [Bryson, 2014 #15656].

39 Includes toddi Paynter, 1970 [Paynter, 1970 #2983] a replacement name which should not now be retained, see Art. 59.4 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

40 This name assumed precedence after being made available by suppression of the name Loxia cyanea Linnaeus 1758 and the conservation of Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus 1766 see Opinion 1126 (I.C.Z.N., 1979) [I.C.Z.N., 1979 #9656].

41 For revised composition of this genus and inclusion of Chlorothraupis, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

42 For transfer from the Thraupidae to the Cardinalidae, see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

43 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

44 Considered by A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with H. fuscicauda; H. atrimaxillaris is apparently also closely related to them, see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746].

45 Perhaps a subspecies of H. fuscicauda; see Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746], but see Willis (1972) [Willis, 1972 #10423].

46 Several subspecies are probably not worthy of recognition; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

47 May merit treatment, along with bahiae, as a separate species; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

48 H. carmioli, H. olivacea and H. stolzmanni were formerly placed in Chlorothraupis, but see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

49 Subspecies groups follow Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

50 Treated as a separate species by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

51 Forms a superspecies with H. carmioli; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

52 Diagnosability questioned by Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

53 For correct date, see Duncan (1937) [Duncan, 1937 #1442].

54 Species sequence based on Shepherd & Burns (2007) [Shepherd, 2007 #10065]. See also Burns (1998) [Burns, 1998 #584].

55 For transfer from the Thraupidae to the Cardinalidae, see Klicka et al. (2000, 2007) [Klicka, 2000 #2237], [Klicka, 2007 #9736], Yuri & Mindell (2002) [Yuri, 2002 #4290], Burns et al. (2003) [Burns, 2003 #586] and Barker et al. (2013) [Barker, 2013 #14348].

56 Dated 1808 by Storer (1970) [Storer, 1970 #3746], but see Browning & Monroe (1991) [Browning, 1991 #542]. But true date not known see Dickinson (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #12761].

57 P. leucoptera and P. erythrocephala have sometimes been placed in a separate genus, Spermagra, e.g. by Howell & Webb (1995) [Howell, 1995 #13863], but see Burns (1998) [Burns, 1998 #584] and Shepherd & Burns (2007) [Shepherd, 2007 #10065].

58 Nolan (1913) [Nolan, 1913 #15713] reported that this issue had been presented to an Academy meeting on May 5, 1840.

59 Tentatively includes ochracea which was recognised by Browning (1990) [Browning, 1990 #539] and Robinson (2012) [Robinson, 2012 #15394], but not by Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

60 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Shepherd & Burns (2007) [Shepherd, 2007 #10065].

61 Includes zephyrica Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2809]; see Browning (1978) [Browning, 1978 #536].

62 Subspecies groups follow A.O.U. (1983, 1998) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], [A.O.U., 1998 #9] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636]. These are treated as 3 species by Burns (1998) [Burns, 1998 #584], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274] and Hilty (2003, 2011) [Hilty, 2003 #12443], [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

63 May prove to be vocally distinct from populations in the Andes; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

64 For a suggestion this may deserve species rank, see Haverschmidt & Mees (1994) [Haverschmidt, 1994 #15399].

65 Perhaps better treated as a synonym of saira; see Hilty (2011) [Hilty, 2011 #13517].

66 For validation of this name see Opinion 784 (I.C.Z.N., 1966) [I.C.Z.N., 1966 #9644].

67 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] to form a superspecies with C. phoeniceus, but see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736].

68 Subspecies groups follow Halkin & Linville (1999) [Halkin, 1999 #15393] and Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519]. See also Smith et al. (2011) [Smith, 2011 #12882] and Smith & Klicka (2013) [Smith, 2013 #14756].

69 Subspecies recognition follows Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519].

70 Introduced to Hawaiian Is. and Bermuda.

71 Treated as synonym of nominate cardinalis by Stevenson in Stevenson & Anderson (1994) [Stevenson, 1994 15571], but see Halkin & Linville (1999) [Halkin, 1999 #15393].

72 For recognition see Halkin & Linville (1999) [Halkin, 1999 #15393].

73 The spelling by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983] flammigerus was a mistaken and unjustified emendation; see Parkes (1997) [Parkes, 1997 #2948].

74 For recognition, see Browning (1990) [Browning, 1990 #539].

75 For recognition see Brewer (2011) [Brewer, 2011 #13519]; but see Halkin & Linville (1999) [Halkin, 1999 #15393].

76 Once placed in the monotypic genus Pyrrhuloxia which was subsumed by Paynter (1970) [Paynter, 1970 #2983] followed by the A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8].

77 Includes Rhodinothraupis and Periporphyrus; see Klicka et al. (2007) [Klicka, 2007 #9736] who acted as First Revisers in assigning date precedence to Caryothraustes over Periporphyrus.

78 For treatment as a separate species from C. canadensis, see e.g. Eisenmann (1955) [Eisenmann, 1955 #1490] and A.O.U. (1983, 1998) [A.O.U., 1983 #8], [A.O.U., 1998 #9]. But see Wetmore et al. (1984) [Wetmore, 1984 #4154].

79 For recommended date see Anon. (1947) [Anon., 1947 #14610].

80 Forms a superspecies with C. poliogaster; see A.O.U. (1983) [A.O.U., 1983 #8] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

81 Mistakenly placed in C. poliogaster by Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].