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FALCONIDAE - Falcons and Caracaras¹ (11:65)

HERPETOTHERINAE

HERPETOTHERES Vieillot, 1817 M - Falco cachinnans Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 3).

Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon

cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758)² iW and SE Mexico (S Sonora, S Tamaulipas) through Middle America and South America (east of Andes) to N Argentina (N Santa Fé and Corrientes) and SE Brazil (N Rio Grande do Sul)

fulvescens Chapman, 1915³ Extreme E Panama (Darién) and NW Colombia to NW Peru (Tumbes) [Chapman, 1915 #694]

MICRASTUR G.R. Gray, 1841 M - Falco brachypterus Temminck, 1822; type by original designation = Sparvius semitorquatus Vieillot, 1817

Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest Falcon

guerilla Cassin, 1848 αiS Mexico (Veracruz and Guerrero) to Nicaragua

interstes Bangs, 1907 iCosta Rica, Panama, W Colombia, W Ecuador

zonothorax (Cabanis, 1866) αiCoastal Range of Venezuela; Sierra de Perijá; Santa Marta Mts.; Andean foothills of NW Venezuela and E slope of Andes of Colombia to Peru

concentricus (Lesson, 1830) vS Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia

ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) vE and S Brazil, E Paraguay, N Argentina (E Formosa, E Chaco, Misiones)

olrogi Amadon, 1964 iAndean foothills of NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán)

Micrastur plumbeus ⁴ W.L. Sclater, 1918 Plumbeous Forest Falcon

vSW Colombia (S Chocó, Valle, Cauca, Nariño) and NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Pichincha)

Micrastur gilvicollis ⁵ (Vieillot, 1817) Lined Forest Falcon

vS Venezuela, the Guianas, N and W Amazonia (in Brazil south of R. Amazon, west of R. Madeira)

Micrastur mintoni Whittaker, 2003 Cryptic Forest Falcon

SE Amazonia (south of R. Amazon, west to R. Madeira); SE Brazil (SE Bahia, N Espírito Santo) [Whittaker, 2003 #4206]

Micrastur mirandollei (Schlegel, 1862) Slaty-backed Forest Falcon

iSE Costa Rica to W Colombia; the Guianas and Amazonia; E Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo)

Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest Falcon

naso (Lesson, 1842) iMexico (S Sinaloa and S Tamaulipas) to N and W Colombia, W Ecuador and NW Peru (Tumbes)

semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) vE Colombia east to E Brazil, south to N Argentina and SE Brazil

Micrastur buckleyi ^6,7 Swann, 1919 Buckley's Forest Falconα

iE Ecuador, E Peru (Amazonas and Loreto to Madre de Dios) and extreme W Brazil (W Acre)

FALCONINAE - Tribe POLYBORINI

SPIZIAPTERYX Kaup, 1852 F - Harpagus circumcinctus Kaup, 1852; type by monotypy

Spiziapteryx circumcincta (Kaup, 1852) Spot-winged Falconet

vSE Bolivia, W Paraguay, N and C Argentina (E Jujuy to W Formosa, south to E Mendoza and N Río Negro)

CARACARA Merrem, 1826 F - Falco plancus J.F. Miller, 1777; type by subsequent designation (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., vol. 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 281). ⁸

Caracara cheriway ^9,10 (von Jacquin, 1784) Crested Caracara

iS USA south to NW Peru (R. Marañón) and N Brazil (R. Amazon); Netherlands Antilles; Cuba; Islas Marías

Caracara lutosa (Ridgway, 1876) Guadalupe Caracara

vGuadalupe I. (off W Baja California)

Caracara plancus ¹¹ (J.F. Miller, 1777) Southern Caracara

iBrazil (south of R. Amazon), N Bolivia and SE Peru south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

IBYCTER Vieillot, 1816 M - Petit aigle de l'Amérique Buffon; type by monotypy = Falco americanus Boddaert, 1783 ¹²

Ibycter americanus (Boddaert, 1783) Red-throated Caracara

vS Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce) to W Ecuador, C Peru, N and E Bolivia and S Brazil

PHALCOBOENUS d'Orbigny, 1834 M - Phalcoboenus montanus d'Orbigny, 1834; type by monotypy = Aquila megaloptera Meyen, 1834

Phalcoboenus chimango¹³ Chimango Caracara

chimango (Vieillot, 1816) iC Chile (Atacama to Bíobío); Paraguay and SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to C Argentina (R. Chubut)

temucoensis (W.L. Sclater, 1918) vC Chile (Bíobío) and C Argentina (R. Chubut) south to Tierra del Fuego

Phalcoboenus carunculatus Des Murs, 1853 Carunculated Caracara

vAndes of SW Colombia (Cauca) to S Ecuador (C Loja)

Phalcoboenus megalopterus (Meyen, 1834) Mountain Caracara

vAndes of S Ecuador (Loja, Zamora-Chinchipe) to C Chile (Maule) and WC Argentina (Neuquén)

Phalcoboenus albogularis (Gould, 1837) White-throated Caracara

vAndes of C Chile (Bíobío) and WC Argentina (SW Neuquén) to Tierra del Fuego

Phalcoboenus australis ¹⁴ (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Striated Caracara

vFalkland Is.; islands off S Chile and S Argentina

MILVAGO von Spix, 1824 F - Milvago ochrocephalus von Spix, 1824; type by monotypy = Polyborus chimachima Vieillot, 1816

Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara

cordata Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1918 vS Costa Rica south to NE Peru and N Brazil (R. Amazon)

chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) iE Bolivia and Brazil (south of R. Amazon) to NE Argentina and N Uruguay

DAPTRIUS Vieillot, 1816 M - Daptrius ater Vieillot, 1816; type by monotypy

Daptrius ater Vieillot, 1816 Black Caracara

vE Colombia, S and E Venezuela and the Guianas south to E Peru, N Bolivia and C Brazil

FALCONINAE - Tribe FALCONINI

MICROHIERAX Sharpe, 1874 M - Falco fringillarius Drapiez, 1824; type by original designation

Microhierax caerulescens¹⁵ Collared Falconet

caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) iC Himalayas (W Uttarakhand to Bhutan), NE India (W Assam, Meghalaya)

burmanicus Swann, 1920 vContinental SE Asia (except NE)

Microhierax fringillarius (Drapiez, 1824) Black-thighed Falconet

vExtreme SW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas (except N Borneo)

Microhierax latifrons Sharpe, 1879 White-fronted Falconet

iN Borneo

Microhierax erythrogenys Philippine Falconet

erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831) iBohol, Catanduanes, Luzon, Mindoro and Negros (Philippines)

meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant, 1897 vLeyte, Mindanao and Samar; formerly Cebu (Philippines)

Microhierax melanoleucos ¹⁶ (Blyth, 1843) Pied Falconetδ

iBhutan, NE India, S China, NE continental SE Asia

POLIHIERAX Kaup, 1847 M - Falco semitorquatus A. Smith, 1836; type by monotypy ¹⁷

Polihierax semitorquatus African Pygmy Falcon

castanonotus (von Heuglin, 1860)¹⁸ δvS Sudan and Ethiopia to C Tanzania

semitorquatus (A. Smith, 1836) vS Angola, Namibia, S Botswana, NW South Africa

Polihierax insignis White-rumped Pygmy Falcon

insignis Walden, 1872 vW and C Myanmar

cinereiceps E.C.S. Baker, 1927 iS Myanmar and NW Thailand to C Vietnam

harmandi (Oustalet, 1876) iC and S Laos, S Vietnam, Cambodia

FALCO Linnaeus, 1758 M - Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (A.O.U., 1886, Check List, 2nd ed., p. 193).

Falco naumanni E. Fleischer, 1818 Lesser Kestrelα

iNW Africa and S Europe to N China >> sub-Saharan Africa, N India, N continental SE Asia

Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel

tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 iNW Africa, Europe to EC Siberia (Lena basin), SW Asia, W Pakistan, W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to Bhutan) >> E Africa, S Asia, NW continental SE Asia

perpallidus (A.H. Clark, 1907)¹⁹ vE Siberia, Korea, NE China >> E China, mainland SE Asia (?)

interstinctus McClelland, 1840 vE Himalayas (?), Japan, China (except NE), NE Vietnam >> NE India, S China, mainland SE Asia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Philippines

objurgatus (E.C.S. Baker, 1927) vS India, Sri Lanka

canariensis (A.F. Koenig, 1890) vMadeira, W Canary Is.

dacotiae E. Hartert, 1913 iE Canary Is.

neglectus Schlegel, 1873²⁰ vN Cape Verde Is.

alexandri Bourne, 1955 iS Cape Verde Is.

rupicolaeformis (C.L. Brehm, 1855) vEgypt, S Yemen

archeri E. Hartert & Neumann, 1932 iSocotra, Somalia, NE Kenya

rufescens Swainson, 1837 iSenegal and Guinea to Ethiopia and south to C Tanzania

rupicolus Daudin, 1800²¹ iAngola, SE DR Congo and S Tanzania to South Africa

Falco newtoni Madagascar Kestrel

aldabranus Grote, 1928 vAldabra (Aldabra Is.)

newtoni (J.H. Gurney Sr., 1863) iMadagascar

Falco punctatus Temminck, 1821 Mauritius Kestrel

vMauritius

Falco araeus (Oberholser, 1917) Seychelles Kestrelδ

vSeychelles

Falco moluccensis Spotted Kestrel

moluccensis (Bonaparte, 1850)²² vMoluccas

microbalius (Oberholser, 1917)²³ αvJava, Bali, islands in Java Sea, Sulawesi, Talaud Is., Kai Is., Lesser Sundas

Falco cenchroides²⁴ Nankeen Kestrel

baru Rand, 1940²⁵ Alpine WC New Guinea (summit plateau of Maoke Mts.)

cenchroides Vigors, 1827 Australia, Tasmania, Christmas I. >> Java, Bali, S Moluccas, S New Guinea, New Zealand

Falco sparverius American Kestrel

sparverius Linnaeus, 1758 iC Alaska to Newfoundland south through USA (except SE) to C Mexico (N Michoacán and N México) >> Central America

paulus (R.H. Howe, Jr. & King, 1902) vSE USA (South Carolina to Florida)

peninsularis Mearns, 1892 vNW Mexico (S Baja California, Sonora and Sinaloa)

tropicalis (Griscom, 1930) vS Mexico (Oaxaca) to C Honduras

nicaraguensis T.R. Howell, 1965 vE Honduras and NE Nicaragua (pine savannas)

sparverioides Vigors, 1827 iS Bahamas, Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Jamaica

dominicensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 vHispaniola

caribaearum J.F. Gmelin, 1788 iPuerto Rico, Virgin Is. and Lesser Antilles (south to Grenada)

brevipennis (von Berlepsch, 1892) vAruba, Curaçao, Bonaire I.

isabellinus Swainson, 1838 αvLowlands of N Colombia, Venezuela, Isla de Margarita, the Guianas and N Brazil (Roraima)

ochraceus (Cory, 1915) vAndes of NW Venezuela, E slope of C Andes and E Andes of Colombia (south to W Caquetá)

caucae (Chapman, 1915) iW slope of C Andes and W Andes of Colombia (south to Cauca)

aequatorialis Mearns, 1892 vAndes of SW Colombia (Nariño) and N and C Ecuador (south to Chimborazo)

peruvianus (Cory, 1915) vS Ecuador (south from Azuay), W Peru and N Chile (Tarapacá)

cinnamominus Swainson, 1838 αvSE Peru, Bolivia, N Chile, Paraguay and SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego

fernandensis (Chapman, 1915) vIsla Robinson Crusoe (Juan Fernández Arch., off Chile)

cearae (Cory, 1915) iTableland of NE, C and S Brazil (S Maranhão and S Piauí south to Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo and Santa Catarina)

Falco rupicoloides Greater Kestrel

fieldi (Elliot, 1897) iEritrea, N Somalia, NE Ethiopia, N Kenya

arthuri (J.H. Gurney Sr., 1884) iC and S Kenya, N Tanzania

rupicoloides A. Smith, 1829 iSouth Africa to S and E Angola, W Zambia

Falco alopex (von Heuglin, 1861) Fox Kestrel

iMauritania to Sudan and N and W Kenya

Falco ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823 Grey Kestrel

vSenegal to W Ethiopia, W Tanzania and Angola

Falco dickinsoni P.L. Sclater, 1864 Dickinson's Kestrel

iAngola to C Tanzania and S Mozambique

Falco zoniventris W. Peters, 1854 Banded Kestrel

vMadagascar

Falco chicquera Red-necked Falcon

chicquera Daudin, 1800 iSE Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh

ruficollis Swainson, 1837 vSenegal to W Ethiopia, E Africa to N Zimbabwe and C Mozambique

horsbrughi Gunning & Roberts, 1911 iNamibia, Botswana and NW South Africa

Falco vespertinus ²⁶ Linnaeus, 1766 Red-footed Falcon

vC Europe to C Asia >> C and S Africa

Falco amurensis Radde, 1863 Amur Falcon

vE Siberia, NE China, N Korea >> SE Africa, S Asia, rarely mainland SE Asia

Falco eleonorae Gené, 1839 Eleonora's Falcon

iMediterranean basin, Canary Is., NW Morocco >> Madagascar

Falco concolor Temminck, 1825 Sooty Falcon

iNE Africa and SW Asia (Israel to Arabian Pen.) >> SE Africa, Madagascar

Falco columbarius Merlin

subaesalon C.L. Brehm, 1827 iIceland >> W Europe

aesalon Tunstall, 1771 iEurope to N Russia and NW Siberia

insignis (A.H. Clark, 1907) vNC Siberia >> NE Africa and S and E Asia

pacificus (Stegmann, 1929) vNE Siberia and Sakhalin >> Japan and E China

pallidus (Sushkin, 1900) vS Ural Mts., N and NE Kazakhstan

lymani Bangs, 1913 iPamir-Alai and Altai Mts. to Transbaikalia and Mongolia

columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 vAlaska to Newfoundland and N USA >> S USA, C America and NW South America

suckleyi Ridgway, 1874 αiNW North America (coastal SE Alaska to NW Washington)

richardsonii Ridgway, 1871²⁷ δiWC North America (Great Plains) >> C USA to N Mexico

Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon

petoensis C. Chubb, 1918²⁸ vN Mexico (S Sonora and S Tamaulipas) to NW Peru (Tumbes)

rufigularis Daudin, 1800 vE Colombia east to the Guianas and Trinidad, south to SC Bolivia and NW Argentina (Tucumán)

ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895) iTableland of NE, C and S Brazil, E Bolivia, Paraguay and NE Argentina (Misiones to N Santa Fé)

Falco deiroleucus Temminck, 1825 Orange-breasted Falcon

vS Mexico (S Veracruz) to N Honduras; SE Panama (Darién) and South America (east of the Andes) south to N Argentina and SE Brazil

Falco femoralis²⁹ Aplomado Falcon

septentrionalis Todd, 1916 vMexico (Chihuahua; SE San Luis Potosí and Veracruz to W Campeche; Oaxaca) and S Guatemala (?)

femoralis Temminck, 1822 vBelize; E Honduras and NE Nicaragua; SC Panama; South America east of Andes (except Amazonia)

pichinchae Chapman, 1925 iAndes of SW Colombia (Cauca) to C Chile (N Maule) and NW Argentina (Tucumán)

Falco subbuteo³⁰ Eurasian Hobby

subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758³¹ iEurope to Japan, W and N China, N Afghanistan, W and C Himalayas (east to Nepal) >> sub-Saharan Africa, S China, mainland SE Asia

streichi E. Hartert & Neumann, 1907 iS China >> N continental SE Asia

Falco cuvierii ³² A. Smith, 1830 African Hobbyδ

iSenegal and Guinea to Ethiopia and E Africa, south to N Namibia, Zimbabwe and W Mozambique

Falco severus³³ Oriental Hobby

severus Horsfield, 1821 vHimalayas, NE India, S China, mainland SE Asia to N Thai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas, Philippines

papuanus A.B. Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1893 αvSulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomons

Falco longipennis Australian Hobby

hanieli Hellmayr, 1914 iW and C Lesser Sundas (east to Timor and Wetar)

longipennis Swainson, 1838 αvSW and SE Australia >> New Guinea, Moluccas

murchisonianus Mathews, 1912 vAustralia (except SW and SE) >> New Guinea, Moluccas

Falco novaeseelandiae ³⁴ J.F. Gmelin, 1788 New Zealand Falconδ

iNew Zealand, Auckland Is.

Falco berigora³⁵ Brown Falcon

novaeguineae (A.B. Meyer, 1894) iLowland to alpine N, NE, C, SC and SE New Guinea (including Manam I., Karkar I. and Long I.)

berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827³⁶ iAustralia, Tasmania

Falco hypoleucos Gould, 1841 Grey Falcon

iInland Australia

Falco subniger G.R. Gray, 1843 Black Falcon

vInland and E Australia

Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon

feldeggii Schlegel, 1843 iItaly to Transcaucasia and NW Levant

erlangeri O. Kleinschmidt, 1901 iNW Africa

tanypterus Schlegel, 1843 vNE Africa, Israel, Arabian Pen. and Iraq

abyssinicus Neumann, 1904 vN tropical Africa

biarmicus Temminck, 1825 vE and S Africa

Falco jugger J.E. Gray, 1834 Laggar Falcon

iPakistan, Nepal, N and C India, Bangladesh, C Myanmar

Falco cherrug³⁷ Saker Falcon

cherrug J.E. Gray, 1834³⁸ iC Europe to SC Siberia and N Kazakhstan >> south to NE Africa and SW Asia

milvipes Jerdon, 1871³⁹ iC Tien Shan Mts. and Altai Mts. to S Transbaikalia and N China

coatsi Dementiev, 1945⁴⁰ iTranscaspian plains to E Uzbekistan and S Kazakhstan

hendersoni Hume, 1871 iPamir Mts. to Tibetan Plateau

Falco rusticolus ^41,42 Linnaeus, 1758 Gyrfalcon

iArctic Europe, Asia, North America

Falco mexicanus Schlegel, 1850 Prairie Falconα

vSC British Columbia east to S Saskatchewan and south to Arizona, W Texas and NC Mexico

Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon

peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 vW, C and SE Europe to SE Siberia and NE China

calidus Latham, 1790 vN Russia to NE Siberia >> Africa, Europe, SW, S and E Asia, SE Asia to Wallacea, New Guinea

japonensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 vExtreme NE Siberia to N Japan >> China, mainland SE Asia, Borneo, Philippines

babylonicus P.L. Sclater, 1861 vE Iran to Mongolia >> N Pakistan and N India⁴³

peregrinator Sundevall, 1837 iHimalayas, S Asia to Sri Lanka, (S and E China, S Myanmar?) >> continental SE Asia to far N Thai-Malay Pen.

furuitii Momiyama, 1927⁴⁴ δiOgasawara Is. (Japan)

brookei Sharpe, 1873 iMediterranean region to Crimea, Caucasus area and N Iran

pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829⁴⁵ Canary Is., Saharan hills to Somalia, Arabian Pen., and Israel to SW Iran >> N tropical Africa

madens Ripley & Watson, 1963 iCape Verde Is.

minor Bonaparte, 1850 vIvory Coast to Ethiopia and South Africa

radama Hartlaub, 1861 iMadagascar, Comoros

ernesti Sharpe, 1894 iMainland SE Asia, Greater Sundas, Philippines, Wallacea, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomons

macropus Swainson, 1838⁴⁶ αiAustralia, Tasmania

nesiotes Mayr, 1941 iTorres Is., Banks Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Fiji

tundrius C.M. White, 1968 vTundra of N North America and Greenland >> South America

pealei Ridgway, 1874 αiKuril Is., Commander Is., Aleutian Is., coastal NW North America (S Alaska to NW Washington)

anatum Bonaparte, 1838 iW North America and NW Mexico (south to Puebla) >> C America

cassini Sharpe, 1873⁴⁷ iAndes from Ecuador to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

Falco fasciinucha Reichenow & Neumann, 1895 Taita Falcon

iE Africa from S Ethiopia to N South Africa (Mpumalanga)

Réunion

1 Subfamily designations and sequence of genera derived from Griffiths (1999) [Griffiths, 1999 #13704], Griffiths et al. (2004) [Griffiths, 2004 #1820], and Fuchs et al. (2011) [Fuchs, 2011 #12778].

2 Includes excubitor, chapmani and queribundus; see Hellmayr & Conover (1949) [Hellmayr, 1949 #10404] and Blake (1977) [Blake, 1977 #326], but see also Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

3 For recognition see Hellmayr & Conover (1949) [Hellmayr, 1949 #10404] and Blake (1977) [Blake, 1977 #326]; apparently overlooked by Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

4 For recognition as a species see Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], but also see Bierregaard (1994) [Bierregaard, 1994 #300].

5 For recognition as a separate species from M. ruficollis and for treatment of pelzelni as a synonym, see Schwartz (1972) [Schwartz, 1972 #11943].

6 For treatment as a separate species from M. semitorquatus see Traylor (1948) [Traylor, 1948 #3858] and Fuchs et al. (2011) [Fuchs, 2011 #12778].

7 Name introduced in replacement page not in original part from same year.

8 For use of this name instead of Polyborus see Banks & Dove (1992) [Banks, 1992 #196].

9 For reasons to treat this and C. lutosa as separate species from C. plancus see Dove & Banks (1999) [Dove, 1999 #1411]; thus treated here as allospecies.

10 Includes pallidus and audubonii; for continued treatment as monotypic, see Dove & Banks (1999) [Dove, 1999 #1411].

11 For treatment as monotypic see Hellmayr & Conover (1949) [Hellmayr, 1949 #10404] and Banks & Dove (1992) [Banks, 1992 #196].

12 For treatment as separate from Daptrius see Griffiths (1995, 1999) [Griffiths, 1995 #1818] [Griffiths, 1999 #13704].

13 For transfer from Milvago see Fuchs et al. (2012) [Fuchs, 2012 #13887].

14 Forms a superspecies with P. carunculatus, P. megalopterus and P. albogularis; see Amadon & Bull (1988) [Amadon, 1988 #4349].

15 This and M. fringillarius may form a superspecies; see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770] but see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118].

16 Correct original spelling. Spelling melanoleucus in Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770] an ISS.

17 For suggested recognition of Neohierax see Griffiths (1995) [Griffiths, 1995 #1818].

18 Correct original spelling. Spelling castanotus in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

19 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

20 For treatment of this and alexandri as species see Hazevoet (1995) [Hazevoet, 1995 #1923].

21 For treatment at species rank, with rufescens as a subspecies, see Jenkins in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724], based on Groombridge et al. (2002) [Groombridge, 2002 #1829].

22 Includes bernsteini; see White & Bruce (1986) [White, 1986 #4194].

23 Includes javensis, timorensis, renschi and jungei Mees, 1961 [Mees, 1961 #2600]; see White & Bruce (1986) [White, 1986 #4194].

24 Subspecies recognition follows Marchant & Higgins (1993) [Marchant, 1993 #2487].

25 Recognition follows Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

26 Forms a superspecies with F. amurensis; see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

27 Correct original spelling. Spelling richardsoni in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

28 Includes petrophilus; see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

29 For use of this name rather than fuscocaerulescens Vieillot, 1817, see Blake (1977) [Blake, 1977 #326].

30 Considered to form a superspecies with F. cuvierii by Thiollay (1994) [Thiollay, 1994 #3827].

31 Includes jugurtha; see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

32 Correct original spelling. Spelling cuvieri in Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

33 For treatment as polytypic see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770], but see White & Bruce (1986) [White, 1986 #4194].

34 Correct original spelling. Spelling novaezeelandiae in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

35 Subspecies recognition follows Marchant & Higgins (1993) [Marchant, 1993 #2487], but see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

36 Includes centralia, occidentalis and tasmanicus; see Marchant & Higgins (1993) [Marchant, 1993 #2487].

37 Subspecies classification follows Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721]. But see Karyakin (2011) [Karyakin, 2011 #12424].

38 Incudes cyanopus; see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770].

39 Includes altaicus, a colour morph (Stepanyan 1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

40 Tentatively includes aralocaspius Pfeffer & Karyakin, 2010 [Pfeffer, 2010 #13261] (preoccupied) and korelovi Pfeffer & Karyakin, 2011 [Pfeffer, 2011 #13612] a nomen novum for the above; see Appendix 2.2.

41 For continued treatment as monotypic see Cade (1960) [Cade, 1960 #14024] and Vaurie (1961) [Vaurie, 1961 #8355], but see also Todd (1963) [Todd, 1963 #13945] and Godfrey (1986) [Godfrey, 1986 #1718].

42 This name selected over F. gyrfalco by Lonnberg (1930) [Lonnberg, 1930 #14033] acting as First Reviser.

43 Range still not well understood; may seem to breed in sympatry with other subspecies but have different ecological requirements.

44 Original spelling fruitii; here emended based on internal information.

45 For treatment within F. peregrinus, contra Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] see Stresemann & Amadon (1979) [Stresemann, 1979 #3770] and Naoroji (2006) [Naoroji, 2006 #14018]. Wink (2000) [Wink, 1998 #4232] found support for treating pelegrinoides as a separate species; however, later studies, e.g. Wink et al. (2010) [Wink, 2010 #14017] have contradicted this.

46 Includes submelanogenys; see Marchant & Higgins (1993) [Marchant, 1993 #2487].

47 Includes kreyenborgi, a colour morph; see Ellis & Peres (1983) [Ellis, 1983 #1499].