H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics

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LARIDAE - Noddies, Skimmers, Gulls and Terns (24:99)

ANOINAE

ANOUS Stephens, 1826 M - Anous niger Stephens, 1826; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 79). = Sterna stolida Linnaeus, 1758

Anous stolidus Brown Noddy

pileatus (Scopoli, 1786)¹ vRed Sea, Indian Ocean, SE Asian seas, N and W Australia, tropical Pacific Ocean (east to Iles Marquises, Easter I., and Islas de los Desventurados)

galapagensis Sharpe, 1879 vGalapagos Is.

ridgwayi Anthony, 1898 iIslands off W Mexico and W Central America

stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) vCaribbean Sea and tropical Atlantic Ocean to Tristan da Cunha Group

Anous tenuirostris² Lesser Noddy

tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) vSeychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Maldives, Chagos Arch.

melanops Gould, 1846 iHoutman Abrolhos Is. and Ashmore Reef (W Australia)

Anous minutus Black Noddy

worcesteri (McGregor, 1911) iSouth China, Sulu and Java Seas >> E Indian Ocean

minutus Boie, 1844 vCoasts of NE Australia (including Cape York Pen.) and E New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomons and widespread, but localised, in Melanesia and Polynesia (except Vanuatu)

marcusi (Bryan, 1903) iMinami Tori-shima (Japan), Wake I. and Micronesia

melanogenys G.R. Gray, 1846 iHawaiian Is.

diamesus (Heller & Snodgrass, 1901) vEC Pacific (Ile Clipperton, Isla de Coco, Isla de Malpelo)

americanus (Mathews, 1912) vCaribbean islands

atlanticus (Mathews, 1912) vTropical S Atlantic islands

PROCELSTERNA Lafresnaye, 1842 F - Procelsterna tereticollis Lafresnaye, 1842; type by monotypy = Sterna teretirostris Lafresnaye, 1841

Procelsterna cerulea³ Blue Noddy

saxatilis W.K. Fisher, 1903 vMinami Tori-shima (Japan); NW Hawaiian Is. to N Marshall Is.

cerulea (F.D. Bennett, 1840) vKiritimati (Line Is.)

nebouxi Mathews, 1912 iTuvalu, Phoenix Is. (Kiribati), Samoa

teretirostris (Lafresnaye, 1841) vSociety Is., Tuamotu Arch., Iles Marquises, Iles Australes, Cook Is.

murphyi Mougin & Naurois, 1981 iIles Gambier [Mougin, 1981 #2734]

Procelsterna albivitta⁴ Grey Noddy

albivitta Bonaparte, 1856 iLord Howe I., Norfolk I., New Zealand (islands off North Island), Kermadec Is., Tonga (Tongatapu Group) and Iles Australes

skottsbergii Lönnberg, 1921 iHenderson (Pitcairn Is.), Easter I., Isla Sala y Gómez

imitatrix Mathews, 1912 iIslas de los Desventurados (off Chile)

GYGINAE⁵

GYGIS Wagler, 1832 F - Sterna candida J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by monotypy

Gygis alba⁶ Atoll Tern/White Tern

1 alba (Sparrman, 1786) vTropical S Atlantic Ocean

2 candida (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)⁷ vSeychelles, Mauritius and Réunion to tropical and subtropical S Pacific Ocean, east to Iles Marquises and Kiribati (except for ranges of next two subspecies)

2 leucopes Holyoak & Thibault, 1976 iPitcairn Is. [Holyoak, 1976 #1989]

3 microrhyncha H. Saunders, 1876⁸ vPhoenix Is., Line Is. (Kiribati); Iles Marquises

RYNCHOPINAE

RYNCHOPS Linnaeus, 1758 M - Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, 1758; type by monotypy ⁹

Rynchops niger¹⁰ Black Skimmer

niger Linnaeus, 1758¹¹ vCoastal USA (Massachusetts, S California) to Mexico (Nayarit, Yucatan Pen.) >> south to coastal Central America

cinerascens von Spix, 1825¹² iCoasts of N Colombia to French Guiana and south along rivers through Amazonia >> coastal W and N South America

intercedens H. Saunders, 1895 iRivers of E Brazil (Maranhão) to E Paraguay, Uruguay and NE Argentina (Buenos Aires)

Rynchops flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 African Skimmer

vSenegal to Sudan and SW Ethiopia, south to N Namibia, N Botswana, S Mozambique and NE South Africa

Rynchops albicollis Swainson, 1838 Indian Skimmer

vE Pakistan, N and EC India, Bangladesh to Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia

LARINAE¹³

CREAGRUS Bonaparte, 1854 M - Larus furcatus Néboux, 1846; type by original designation and monotypy

Creagrus furcatus (Néboux, 1846) Swallow-tailed Gullα

vGalapagos Is., Isla de Malpelo >> W coast of South America

RISSA Stephens, 1826 F - Rissa brunnichii Stephens, 1826; type by monotypy and tautonymy = Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758

Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake

pollicaris Ridgway, 1884¹⁴ vCoasts of NE Siberia, Kamchatka, Commander Is., Kuril Is., Aleutian Is., Pribilof Is., W and S Alaska >> N Pacific Ocean

tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) vCoasts of NE Canada and Greenland through W and N Europe to N Taymyr Pen. >> N Atlantic Ocean

Rissa brevirostris (Bruch, 1853) Red-legged Kittiwake

vCommander Is., Pribilof Is., Aleutian Is. (Buldir, Unalga, Koniuji, Bogoslof), Amak I. >> N Pacific Ocean

PAGOPHILA Kaup, 1829 F - Larus eburneus Phipps, 1774; type by monotypy

Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774) Ivory Gull

vCircumpolar from N Canada to NC Siberia >> Arctic waters

XEMA Leach, 1819 F - Larus sabini Sabine, 1819; type by monotypy

Xema sabini ¹⁵ (J. Sabine, 1819) Sabine's Gull

iArctic North America and N Eurasia >> W coast of South America; coastal S Africa

CHROICOCEPHALUS Eyton, 1836 M - Larus capistratus Temminck, 1820; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 79). = Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766

Chroicocephalus genei (de Breme, 1839) Slender-billed Gull

Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania, SW to C Asia, Pakistan >> coastal Africa, SW Asia, India

Chroicocephalus philadelphia (Ord, 1815) Bonaparte's Gull

SW Alaska to SE Canada (S Québec) >> coastal USA, NW Mexico, Greater Antilles

Chroicocephalus serranus (von Tschudi, 1844) Andean Gull

vAndean lakes from Ecuador to SC Chile and SC Argentina >> coastal Peru and Chile

Chroicocephalus maculipennis (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) Brown-hooded Gull

vSC Chile and SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is. >> north to N Chile and EC Brazil

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Silver Gull

1 forsteri (Mathews, 1912) iNew Caledonia and offshore islets

1 novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826)¹⁶ iAustralia, Tasmania

2 scopulinus (J.R. Forster, 1844)¹⁷ vNew Zealand (including Stewart I.), Chatham Is., Snares Is., Auckland Is., Campbell I.

Chroicocephalus bulleri (F.W. Hutton, 1871) Black-billed Gull

New Zealand (including Stewart I.), Snares Is.

Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) Brown-headed Gull

C Asia, Ladakh, Xizang, NW China >> S Asia, Yunnan, mainland SE Asia, Sumatra

Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) Black-headed Gull

vNE North America, S Greenland, Iceland, Europe to E Siberia, NE China >> Africa, SW, S, E and mainland SE Asia, N Borneo, Philippines, N Wallacea

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus Gray-hooded Gull/Grey-headed Gull

cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) vCoastal S Ecuador and Peru; Uruguay and E Argentina >> north to coastal E Brazil

poiocephalus (Swainson, 1837) vW, C, E and S Africa, Madagascar

Chroicocephalus hartlaubii ¹⁸ (Bruch, 1853) Hartlaub's Gull

Coastal Namibia to South Africa (Western Cape)

SAUNDERSILARUS Dwight, 1926 M - Chroicocephalus saundersi Swinhoe, 1871; type by original designation and monotypy

Saundersilarus saundersi (Swinhoe, 1871) Saunders's Gull

Coastal NE China >> S Japan and S Korea to N Vietnam

HYDROCOLOEUS Kaup, 1829 M - Larus minutus Pallas, 1776; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1842, Appendix to a list of the Genera of Birds, p. 15).

Hydrocoloeus minutus (Pallas, 1776) Little Gull

vBaltic Sea to Lena basin, Transbaikalia and N China (Nei Mongol) >> E North America, W Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea, coastal E China

RHODOSTETHIA W. MacGillivray, 1842 F - Larus rossii Richardson, 1825; type by original designation and monotypy = Larus roseus W. MacGillivray, 1824 ¹⁹

Rhodostethia rosea (W. MacGillivray, 1824) Ross's Gullα

vN Siberia, N Canada, SW Greenland >> Arctic waters

LEUCOPHAEUS Bruch, 1853 M - Larus haematorhynchus King, 1828; type by monotypy = Larus scoresbii Traill, 1823

Leucophaeus scoresbii ²⁰ (Traill, 1823) Dolphin Gull

iCoastal SC Chile (Isla de Chiloé) and SC Argentina (C Chubut) to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

Leucophaeus modestus (von Tschudi, 1843) Gray Gull

vN Chile (Atacama Desert) >> coastal SW Ecuador to SC Chile

Leucophaeus atricilla Laughing Gull

megalopterus (Bruch, 1855)²¹ vW Mexico (Sonora to Colima); E and S USA ; islands off Yucatan Pen. >> south to N Brazil and Peru [Bruch, 1855 #556]

atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) iWest Indies, Trinidad, Netherlands Antilles, islands off Venezuela and French Guiana

Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) Franklin's Gull

SC Canada (E Alberta to SW Manitoba) to NC USA (N Utah to NE South Dakota) >> coastal Ecuador to SC Chile

Leucophaeus fuliginosus (Gould, 1841) Lava Gull

vGalapagos Is.

ICHTHYAETUS Kaup, 1829 M - Larus ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773; type by monotypy

Ichthyaetus melanocephalus (Temminck, 1820) Mediterranean Gull

vEurope to Black Sea and Caucasus >> W Europe, NW Africa, Mediterranean

Ichthyaetus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826) Audouin's Gull

Mediterranean >> south to Senegal and Gambia

Ichthyaetus relictus ²² (Lönnberg, 1931) Relict Gull

vSE Kazakhstan to NW China >> Korea to E China

Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus (Temminck, 1825) White-eyed Gull

vRed Sea, Gulf of Aden

Ichthyaetus hemprichii (Bruch, 1853) Sooty Gull

N Kenya to Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, S Pakistan >> south to Tanzania

Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (Pallas, 1773) Pallas's Gull/Great Black-headed Gull

SW Russia to NW Mongolia and N China >> E Mediterranean and NE Africa to S Asia and Myanmar

LARUS Linnaeus, 1758 M - Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (Selby, 1840, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Types Aves, p. 48). ²³

Larus pacificus Pacific Gull

georgii P.P. King, 1826²⁴ iW, SW and SC Australia [King, 1826 #2218]

pacificus Latham, 1801 αvSE Australia, Tasmania

Larus belcheri Vigors, 1829 Belcher's Gull

iCoastal N Peru (Lambayeque) to N Chile (Tarapacá) >> south to C Chile

Larus atlanticus ²⁵ Olrog, 1958 Olrog's Gull

vCoastal NE Argentina (S Buenos Aires to Chubut) >> north to Uruguay [Olrog, 1958 #2822]

Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818 Black-tailed Gull

vRussian Far East, Japan, Korea, E China

Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852 Heermann's Gull

iNW Mexico (islands in Golfo de California, off W Baja California, Nayarit and Jalisco) >> north to coastal W USA

Larus canus²⁶ Mew Gull

1 canus Linnaeus, 1758 vIceland and British Isles to NW Russia (White Sea) >> Europe and N Africa to Persian Gulf

1 heinei von Homeyer, 1853²⁷ iNC and C Russia to W and C Siberia >> C and S Europe, SW Asia, Caspian Sea, Pakistan [von Homeyer, 1853 #12441]

2 kamtschatschensis Bonaparte, 1857 vNE Siberia >> Japan, E China

3 brachyrhynchus J. Richardson, 1831²⁸ vAlaska, W Canada (Yukon to N Saskatchewan and N British Columbia) >> coastal SE Alaska to N Baja California

Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815 Ring-billed Gull

vS Canada, N USA >> south to S USA, Mexico, West Indies

Larus californicus California Gull

albertaensis Jehl, 1987²⁹ vSC Northwest Territories to C Montana and North Dakota >> SW Canada to W Mexico [Jehl, 1987 #2112]

californicus Lawrence, 1854 vNW USA (E Washington to C Montana south to NE California and Colorado) >> W USA to W Mexico

Larus livens ³⁰ Dwight, 1919 Yellow-footed Gull

iNW Mexico (Golfo de California) >> extreme SE California (Salton Sea)

Larus occidentalis Western Gull

occidentalis Audubon, 1839 vCoastal W USA (Washington to C California)

wymani Dickey & van Rossem, 1925 iCoastal SW USA (C California) to NW Mexico (C Baja California)

Larus dominicanus ³¹ M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823 Kelp Gull

vMadagascar, S Africa, New Zealand, S Australia, subantarctic islands and W and SE South America

Larus fuscus³² Lesser Black-backed Gull

graellsii A.E. Brehm, 1857 iIceland, Faroe Is., W Europe >> SW Europe, E coast USA, W Africa

intermedius Schiøler, 1922³³ vNetherlands, Germany, Denmark, SW Sweden and coastal Norway >> W Europe, W Africa

fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 vBaltic Sea, Finland and NW Russia (Karelia) >> NE and E Africa, SW Asia

heuglini Bree, 1876³⁴ iN Russia and NW Siberia (east to Taymyr Pen.) >> E Africa, and SW, S and N continental SE Asia

barabensis H. Johansen, 1960³⁵ vC Asia >> SW and S Asia [Johansen, 1960 #2120]

Larus argentatus Herring Gull

argenteus C.L. Brehm & Schilling, 1822 vIceland, Faroe Is., W Europe >> south to N Iberia [Brehm, 1822 #471]

argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763³⁶ vDenmark to E Kola Pen. >> N and W Europe

Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934 Armenian Gull

vE Turkey and NW Iran to Caucasus >> N Red Sea, E Mediterranean and SE Black Sea [Buturlin, 1934 #611]

Larus michahellis³⁷ Yellow-legged Gull

atlantis Dwight, 1922 Azores, Madeira, Canary Is.

michahellis J.F. Naumann, 1840^38,39,40 δW and S Europe, NW Africa, Mediterranean

Larus cachinnans ^41,42 Pallas, 1811 Caspian Gull

Black Sea to Caspian Sea and Kazakhstan >> south to SW Asia

Larus smithsonianus⁴³ American Herring Gull

vegae Palmén, 1887^44,45 NE Siberia >> Japan, Korea, E and SE China

mongolicus Sushkin, 1925⁴⁶ vE Kazakhstan, SE Altai, Baikal, Mongolia >> Korea and NE to SE China

smithsonianus Coues, 1862 vC Alaska to Newfoundland and Great Lakes >> south to Central America

Larus thayeri ⁴⁷ W.S. Brooks, 1915 Thayer's Gull

Arctic Canada, NW Greenland >> coastal W North America

Larus glaucoides⁴⁸ Iceland Gull

glaucoides B. Meyer, 1822 iSW and E Greenland >> south to N Europe [Meyer, 1822 #2657]

kumlieni Brewster, 1883 iNE Canada (S Baffin I., Coats I., E Southampton I.) >> SE Canada, NE USA

Larus schistisagus ⁴⁹ Stejneger, 1884 Slaty-backed Gull

vCoasts of NE Siberia to Russian Far East and N Japan (Hokkaido) >> south to Taiwan

Larus glaucescens ⁵⁰ J.F. Naumann, 1840 Glaucous-winged Gull

iCommander Is. and St. Matthew I. to coastal S Alaska and NW USA >> Bering Sea to N Japan and Baja California

Larus hyperboreus⁵¹ Glaucous Gull

hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 vN Europe and NW Siberia

pallidissimus Portenko, 1939 vTaymyr Pen. to Bering Sea >> south to S Alaska and Japan [Portenko, 1939 #3104]

barrovianus Ridgway, 1886⁵² vCoastal W and N Alaska to NW Canada (Mackenzie delta) >> Aleutian Is. to N California [Ridgway, 1886 #3277]

leuceretes Schleep, 1819⁵³ iN Canada, Greenland, Iceland >> Newfoundland to North Carolina; Great Lakes [Schleep, 1819 #3494]

Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 Great Black-backed Gull

vE North America, S Greenland, Iceland, W and N Europe to White Sea >> south to West Indies and SW Europe

STERNINAE⁵⁴

ONYCHOPRION Wagler, 1832 M - Sterna serrata Forster; type by monotypy = Sterna serrata Wagler, 1830

Onychoprion aleuticus (S.F. Baird, 1869) Aleutian Tern

vSakhalin, Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea to W and S Alaska >> South China Sea and SE Asian seas to Greater Sundas, Philippines, Sulawesi

Onychoprion fuscatus Sooty Tern

fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) vGulf of Mexico, West Indies, Gulf of Guinea, S Atlantic Ocean

nubilosus (Sparrman, 1788)⁵⁵ vRed Sea, Indian Ocean and SE Asian seas to Wallacea, Ryukyu Is.

serratus (Wagler, 1830)⁵⁶ vW and N Australia, New Guinea through S Pacific Ocean to Kermadec Is., Lord Howe I., Norfolk I. and Easter I.

oahuensis (Bloxam, 1827)⁵⁷ αvOgasawara Is., Hawaiian Is. and tropical N Pacific Ocean south to Kiritimati (Line Is.)

crissalis (Lawrence, 1872) vIslands off W Mexico and Central America south to Galapagos Is.

luctuosus (R.A. Philippi, Sr. & Landbeck, 1866)⁵⁸ vIslas de los Desventurados (off Chile) [Philippi, 1866 #3056]

Onychoprion anaethetus⁵⁹ Bridled Tern

melanopterus (Swainson, 1837)⁶⁰ vCaribbean Sea and W Africa

antarcticus (Lesson, 1831)⁶¹ vRed Sea, Persian Gulf, and W Indian Ocean

anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786)⁶² iE Indian Ocean and SE Asian seas to New Guinea and Australia, and W Pacific Ocean north to S Japan and east to American Samoa

nelsoni (Ridgway, 1919)⁶³ iW coast of Mexico and Central America

Onychoprion lunatus (Peale, 1848) Grey-backed Tern/Spectacled Tern

vNorthern Mariana Is. to Hawaiian Is., Tuamotu Arch. and Iles Australes >> N Moluccas to tropical E Pacific

STERNULA Boie, 1822 F - Sterna minuta Linnaeus, 1766; type by monotypy = Sterna albifrons Pallas, 1764

Sternula albifrons⁶⁴ Little Tern

albifrons (Pallas, 1764)⁶⁵ iN Africa, Europe to C and SW Asia, Pakistan, India, Seychelles, Comoros >> Africa, W Indian Ocean

guineae (Bannerman, 1931) iMauritania to Gabon

sinensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)⁶⁶ vSri Lanka, Japan, Korea, E and S China, SE Asia to N and W Australia >> SE Asia, Philippines to Australia and New Zealand

placens Gould, 1871⁶⁷ E Australia, E Tasmania >> N Australia, Indonesia (?), SW Pacific Ocean (?)

Sternula saundersi ⁶⁸ (Hume, 1877) Saunders's Tern

S Somalia to Red Sea and S Persian Gulf, Pakistan, NW India, Maldives, Sri Lanka >> Arabian Sea to E Africa

Sternula antillarum^69,70 Least Tern

browni (Mearns, 1916)^71,72 iCoastal C California to S Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas) >> NW Mexico to Guatemala (?)

athalassos (T.D. Burleigh & Lowery, 1942)⁷³ iC USA (locally along Colorado, Red, Arkansas, Missouri, Ohio and Mississipi river systems) >> Gulf of Mexico [Burleigh, 1942 #575]

antillarum Lesson, 1847 iCoastal E USA (Maine) to Honduras; Bermuda to N Venezuela >> south to N Brazil

Sternula superciliaris (Vieillot, 1819) Yellow-billed Tern

vSouth America (east of the Andes) south to Uruguay and NE Argentina (N Buenos Aires)

Sternula lorata (R.A. Philippi, Sr. & Landbeck, 1861) Peruvian Tern

vCoastal N Peru (Piura) to N Chile (Antofagasta)

Sternula nereis Fairy Tern

exsul Mathews, 1912 iNew Caledonia, Coral Sea

nereis Gould, 1843⁷⁴ iCoastal WC, SW, SC and SE Australia, Tasmania

davisae Mathews & Iredale, 1913 iN North Island (New Zealand)

Sternula balaenarum Strickland, 1853 Damara Ternα

Coast of SW Angola, Namibia, W and S South Africa >> WC African coast

PHAETUSA Wagler, 1832 F - Sterna magnirostris M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823; type by monotypy = Sterna simplex J.F. Gmelin, 1789

Phaetusa simplex ⁷⁵ (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Large-billed Tern

South America (east of the Andes) south to NC Argentina (Córdoba)

GELOCHELIDON C.L. Brehm, 1830 F - Gelochelidon meridionalis C.L. Brehm, 1830; type by monotypy = Sterna nilotica J.F. Gmelin, 1789

Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern

nilotica (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vW and N Africa, S Europe to W India >> Africa, SW and S Asia, W mainland SE Asia

affinis (Horsfield, 1821)⁷⁶ vE and SE China >> Bangladesh to Sri Lanka, S China, SE Asia, N New Guinea (?), Australia (?)

macrotarsa (Gould, 1837) vAustralia >> north to N Australia and SC New Guinea

aranea (A. Wilson, 1814) vCoastal E USA to NE Mexico; Bahamas, Cuba >> coastal Central and South America to Peru and Brazil

vanrossemi Bancroft, 1929 iSW USA (S California) to W Mexico (Colima) >> south to Panama

gronvoldi Mathews, 1912⁷⁷ δiLocally along coastal French Guiana to NE Argentina (Buenos Aires)

HYDROPROGNE Kaup, 1829 F - Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1846, The Genera of Birds, 3 (1849), p. [658]).

Hydroprogne caspia ^78,79 (Pallas, 1770) Caspian Tern

vNorth America, Africa, Madagascar, Europe to C, SW and S Asia, S China, Australia, New Zealand >> mainland SE Asia

LAROSTERNA Blyth, 1852 F - Sterna inca Lesson & Garnot, 1827; type by monotypy

Larosterna inca ⁸⁰ (Lesson & Garnot, 1827) Inca Tern

iCoastal N Peru (Islas Lobos de Tierra) to C Chile (Valparaíso)

CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque, 1822 M - Sterna melanops Rafinesque, 1822; type by monotypy = Sterna surinamensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789

Chlidonias albostriatus ^81,82 (G.R. Gray, 1845) Black-fronted Ternδ

vNew Zealand (South Island, infrequent on North Island and Stewart I.)

Chlidonias hybrida^83,84 Whiskered Tern

hybrida (Pallas, 1811)⁸⁵ iN Africa, C and S Europe to SW Asia and N India, and Baikal to Russian Far East, N and E China >> Africa, S and mainland SE Asia, Greater Sundas, Philippines, Sulawesi

delalandii (Mathews, 1912)^86,87 δiS and E Africa, Madagascar

javanicus (Horsfield, 1821)⁸⁸ vAustralia >> N Australia, lowland New Guinea, SE Asia (north to Greater Sundas and Philippines)

Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) White-winged Tern

vEC Europe to Russian Far East, NE China >> Africa, S and SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand

Chlidonias niger Black Tern

niger (Linnaeus, 1758) vEurope to C Asia >> Africa

surinamensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vC and S Canada, N USA >> coasts of Central America to C Peru and French Guiana

STERNA Linnaeus, 1758 F - Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758; type by Linnaean tautonymy

Sterna aurantia J.E. Gray, 1831 River Tern

vRivers of northern S Asia, SW China, and N and E continental SE Asia

Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern

dougallii Montagu, 1813 iNE North America; Caribbean; NW Europe, Azores, E and S Africa >> mid-Atlantic Ocean, W Africa

arideensis Mathews, 1912⁸⁹ vSeychelles; Madagascar (?)

korustes (Hume, 1874) iSri Lanka, W and SE India, Andamans, Mergui Arch. (off SE Myanmar)

bangsi Mathews, 1912 iRyukyu Is., SE China, SE Asian seas, New Guinea, N Australia and SW Pacific islands to Tuamotu Arch.

gracilis Gould, 1845 vMid W coast of Australia >> NW Australia, Wallacea

Sterna striata ⁹⁰ J.F. Gmelin, 1789 White-fronted Tern

vTasmania, islands in Bass Strait, New Zealand (including Stewart I.), Chatham Is., Auckland Is.

Sterna sumatrana Black-naped Tern

mathewsi Stresemann, 1914 iIslands in W Indian Ocean (east to Maldives)

sumatrana Raffles, 1822 vAndaman Sea, SE China, SE Asia, New Guinea, N Australia and W Pacific Ocean

Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 South American Tern

vCoasts of C Peru (Ica) and SE Brazil (Espírito Santo) to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

Sterna hirundo Common Tern

hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 iC and E Canada, N and E USA; Europe, N and W Africa, W Asia >> south of Tropic of Capricorn

tibetana H. Saunders, 1876 vSC Asia, Tibetan plateau, NW China >> E Africa, S Asia, mainland SE Asia

minussensis Sushkin, 1925⁹¹ vUpper Yenisey valley east to Baikal and Mongolia >> N Indian Ocean

longipennis von Nordmann, 1835 vE Siberia, NE China >> E India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand

Sterna repressa E. Hartert, 1916 White-cheeked Tern

vKenya to Red Sea and W India >> Pakistan, Maldives

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 Arctic Tern

vArctic regions south to NE USA and W Europe >> Antarctica

Sterna vittata Antarctic Tern

tristanensis Murphy, 1938⁹² vTristan da Cunha Group, Gough I. [Murphy, 1938 #2745]

sanctipauli Gould, 1865⁹³ Ile Amsterdam, Ile St. Paul [Gould, 1865 #13701]

georgiae Reichenow, 1904 iSouth Georgia I., South Orkney Is., South Sandwich Is.

gaini Murphy, 1938 iSouth Shetland Is., Antarctic Pen. [Murphy, 1938 #2745]

vittata J.F. Gmelin, 1789 vBouvetøya, Prince Edward Is., Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, Heard I.

bethunei Buller, 1896⁹⁴ iStewart I. (New Zealand), Snares Is., Bounty Is., Antipodes Is., Auckland Is., Campbell I., Macquarie I.

Sterna virgata Kerguelen Tern

mercuri J.-F. Voisin, 1971⁹⁵ iPrince Edward Is., Iles Crozet [Voisin, 1971 #4038]

virgata Cabanis, 1875 vIles Kerguelen

Sterna forsteri ⁹⁶ Nuttall, 1834 Forster's Tern

iSC Canada, W, N and coastal E and SE USA, NE Mexico (Tamaulipas) >> S USA to Central America

Sterna trudeaui Audubon, 1838 Snowy-crowned Tern

iSE Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) to E Argentina (Buenos Aires); SC Chile (Valparaíso to Los Lagos)

Sterna acuticauda ⁹⁷ J.E. Gray, 1831 Black-bellied Ternα

iS Asia (except Sri Lanka), SW Yunnan, N and E continental SE Asia [Gray, 1831 #13771]

THALASSEUS Boie, 1822 M - Sterna cantiaca J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 79). = Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787

Thalasseus bengalensis⁹⁸ Lesser Crested Tern

emigratus (Neumann, 1934) vLibya >> NW coast of Africa [Neumann, 1934 #2761]

bengalensis (Lesson, 1831)⁹⁹ vRed Sea, coasts and islands of NW Indian Ocean >> Sri Lanka, E and S Africa and Madagascar

torresii Gould, 1843 iNew Guinea, N Australia >> SE Asian coastline and archipelagos east to the Philippines

Thalasseus bernsteini ¹⁰⁰ (Schlegel, 1864) Chinese Crested Ternδ

Yellow Sea >> South China Sea coasts, Philippines, N Wallacea [Schlegel, 1863 #3498]

Thalasseus elegans ¹⁰¹ (Gambel, 1849) Elegant Tern

SW USA (S California) and Golfo de California (Isla Rasa, Isla Montague) >> coastal W Mexico to SC Chile

Thalasseus sandvicensis¹⁰² Sandwich Tern

sandvicensis (Latham, 1787) vEurope to W Asia (Caspian Sea) >> Africa, S Europe, and SW Asia to W India, Sri Lanka

acuflavidus (S. Cabot, 1847)¹⁰³ αvCoastal E USA; Yucatan Pen.; Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Virgin Is. >> south to Peru and NE Brazil

eurygnathus (H. Saunders, 1876)¹⁰⁴ vPuerto Rico, Virgin Is.; islands off Venezuela and French Guiana; coastal E Brazil to SC Argentina

Thalasseus maximus¹⁰⁵ Royal Tern

maximus (Boddaert, 1783)¹⁰⁶ vCoastal SW USA to NW Mexico; coastal E USA; Yucatan Pen.; islands off N Venezuela and French Guiana; coastal SE Brazil to SC Argentina

albididorsalis (E. Hartert, 1921)¹⁰⁷ vCoastal Mauritania to Guinea >> coastal Morocco, W Africa, Angola

Thalasseus bergii Greater Crested Tern/Swift Tern

bergii (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823)¹⁰⁸ iNamibia, South Africa and Mozambique

thalassinus (Stresemann, 1914) vTanzania and Madagascar to Seychelles and Chagos Arch. >> S Somalia

velox (Cretzschmar, 1827) iNW Somalia, Red Sea, SW and S Asia, tropical Indian Ocean islands (east from Maldives), Myanmar >> E Africa, W mainland SE Asia, Sumatra

cristatus (Stephens, 1826)¹⁰⁹ vRyukyu Is., SE China, South China Sea and Java Sea islands, Philippines, Wallacea, New Guinea, Australia, tropical W and C Pacific Ocean

1 Includes plumbeigularis; see Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

2 Forms a superspecies with A. minutus; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

3 Forms a superspecies with P. albivitta; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

4 For treatment as a separate species from P. caerulea see Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

5 For suggested basal placement of this genus, i.e. prior to the Anoinae, see Jackson et al. (2012) [Jackson, 2012 #14125].

6 Subspecies classification follows Holyoak & Thibault (1976) [Holyoak, 1976 #1989].

7 Includes monte, royana, kittlitzi, and rothschildi; see Holyoak & Thibault (1976) [Holyoak, 1976 #1989] and Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716]. May merit treatment, including leucopes, as a separate species; see Olson (2005) [Olson, 2005 #9995].

8 May merit treatment as a separate species; see Pratt et al. (1987) [Pratt, 1987 #3119] and Olson (2005) [Olson, 2005 #9995].

9 Dual original spelling; see David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

10 Forms a superspecies with R. flavirostris and R. albicollis; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

11 Includes oblita Griscom, 1935 [Griscom, 1935 #1826]; see Wetmore (1965) [Wetmore, 1965 #4149].

12 Includes intermedia; see Blake (1977) [Blake, 1977 #326].

13 Classification based on Pons et al. (2005) [Pons, 2005 #4426] except as noted.

14 For renewed recognition see Sangster et al. (2004) [Sangster, 2004 #3475] and Malling Olsen & Larsson (2004) [Malling Olsen, 2004 #13761].

15 Includes palaearctica Stegmann, 1934 [Stegmann, 1934 #3702], tschuktschorum Portenko, 1939 [Portenko, 1939 #3104], and woznesenskii Portenko, 1939 [Portenko, 1939 #3104]; see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

16 Includes gunni; see Johnstone (1982) [Johnstone, 1982 #13848].

17 Treated as a separate species by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574] and Given et al. (2005) [Given, 2005 #1710].

18 For separation from L. novaehollandiae see Johnstone (1982) [Johnstone, 1982 #13848].

19 Included in Hydrocoloeus by Helbig et al. (2005) [Helbig, 2005 #9890]; they are sister genera (Pons et al. 2005) [Pons, 2005 #4426].

20 Formerly, e.g. in Peters (1934) [Peters, 1934 #3007] placed in the genus Gabianus.

21 For recognition see Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574].

22 For recognition see Voous (1973) [Voous, 1973 #4061]; for earlier discussion see Vaurie (1962) [Vaurie, 1962 #8361].

23 Species limits often controversial; classification follows Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574] except as noted. Includes Gabianus.

24 For recognition see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

25 For treatment as a separate species from L. belcheri, see Devillers (1977) [Devillers, 1977 #1315].

26 May consist of two or three species; see Moskoff & Bevier (2002) [Moskoff, 2002 #13081].

27 For recognition see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967], but see also Moskoff & Bevier (2002) [Moskoff, 2002 #13081]. Includes stegmanni Brodkorb, 1936 [Brodkorb, 1936 #490]; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

28 Treated as a separate species by Malling Olsen & Larsson (2004) [Malling Olsen, 2004 #13761].

29 For recognition see Browning (1990) [Browning, 1990 #539].

30 For treatment as a separate species from L. occidentalis see LeValley (1975) [LeValley, 1975 #13754] and Hand (1981) [Hand, 1981 #13755].

31 Treated as monotypic in the absence of comprehensive revision, following Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574]. Includes austrinus and vetula Bruch, 1853 [Bruch, 1853 #555] as well as melisande and judithae both from Jiguet (2002) [Jiguet, 2002 #2118], who did not place south Pacific rim populations.

32 Treatment of the species fuscus through marinus derived from Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571] with New World species interposed and position of undiscussed thayeri derived from Peters (1934) [Peters, 1934 #3007].

33 Recognised by Cramp et al. (1983) [Cramp, 1983 #1085].

34 Formerly treated as part of L. argentatus but placed in L. fuscus by Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574], who included antelius and taimyrensis as synonyms. Retained therein by Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571], but see also Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749].

35 Formerly treated as a synonym of L. cachinnans; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967], but treated as a valid subspecies by Cramp et al. (1983) [Cramp, 1983 #1085] and Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574] and as a species by Liebers et al. (2001) [Liebers, 2001 #2384]. Treated as a subspecies of L. fuscus by Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571].

36 Includes omissus; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967] and Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574].

37 For treatment as a separate species from L. argentatus see Marion et al. (1985) [Marion, 1985 #4408], Yésou (2002) [Yésou, 2002 #4286] and Sangster et al. (2005) [Sangster, 2005 #10055].

38 Treated as a species separate from L. argentatus by Sangster et al. (2005) [Sangster, 2005 #10055].

39 Implicitly includes lusitanius Joiris, 1978 [Joiris, 1978 #2151]; see Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574].

40 Correct original spelling. Spelling michahelles in Peters (1937) [Peters, 1937 #3007] an ISS.

41 For treatment as a separate species from L. argentatus see Marion et al. (1985) [Marion, 1985 #4408] and Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571].

42 Includes ponticus Stegmann, 1934 [Stegmann, 1934 #3701]; see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

43 Treated as a separate species from L. argentatus, see Crochet et al. (2002) [Crochet, 2002 #1094], Liebers et al. (2004) [Liebers, 2004 #2388], Olson & Banks (2007) [Olson, 2007 #10630] and Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571].

44 Includes birulai; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

45 Treatment as a separate species suggested by Liebers et al. (2004) [Liebers, 2004 #2388] and Malling Olsen & Larsson (2004) [Malling Olsen, 2004 #13761], but see Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571].

46 For recognition see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967]. Variously treated since and placed in L. smithsonianus by Sangster et al. (2007) [Sangster, 2007 #9571].

47 Formerly treated as a subspecies of L. argentatus. Affinities uncertain. Often treated as a subspecies of L. glaucoides, and treatment as species is controversial; see Gaston & Decker (1985) [Gaston, 1985 #13759], Snell (1989, 2002) [Snell, 1989 #13760] [Snell, 2002 #13150], and references therein.

48 Species name formerly leucopterus but see Hellmayr & Conover (1948) [Hellmayr, 1948 #6475].

49 Implictly includes ochotensis Portenko, 1963 [Portenko, 1963 #3109]; see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

50 Forms a stable hybrid zone with L. occidentalis; see Bell (1996) [Bell, 1996 #14095] and Sonsthagen et al. (2012) [Sonsthagen, 2012 #14074].

51 For treatment as polytypic see Banks (1986) [Banks, 1986 #13756] but see also Gilchrist (2001) [Gilchrist, 2001 #12998].

52 For recognition see A.O.U. (1957) [A.O.U., 1957 #7].

53 Recognised by Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574], but may not be diagnosable (Malling Olsen & Larsson 2004) [Malling Olsen, 2004 #13761].

54 Classification based on Bridge et al. (2005) [Bridge, 2005 #482].

55 Includes somalensis [sic]; see Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716]; they recognised infuscatus from the same terra typica as nubilosus, so we follow Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

56 Includes kermadeci; see Gill et al. (2010) [Gill, 2010 #12348].

57 For recognition see Ridgway (1919) [Ridgway, 1919 #14096].

58 For recognition see Hellmayr & Conover (1948) [Hellmayr, 1948 #6475].

59 Subspecies classification follows Cramp (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

60 Includes recognita; see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

61 Includes fuligula; see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

62 Includes rogersi and novaehollandiae; see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

63 Perhaps not diagnosable from melanoptera; see Malling Olsen & Larsson (1995) [Malling Olsen, 1995 #2833].

64 Forms a superspecies with S. saundersi, S. antillarum, S. superciliaris, S. lorata and S. nereis; see Moynihan (1959) [Moynihan, 1959 #7221] and Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

65 Includes innominata; see Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

66 Includes pusilla; see Junge (1948) [Junge, 1948 #2166].

67 For recognition see Burger & Gochfeld (1996) [Burger, 1996 #574] but see also Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

68 For separation from S. sinensis see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

69 For treatment as a separate species from S. albifrons, see Massey (1976) [Massey, 1976 #13762] and Bridge et al. (2005) [Bridge, 2005 #482].

70 Validity of all subspecies has been questioned and remains controversial; see Patten & Erickson (1996) [Patten, 1996 #2959].

71 Considered doubtfully diagnosable by Burleigh & Lowery (1942) [Burleigh, 1942 #575], Massey (1976) [Massey, 1976 #13762] and Thompson et al. (1997) [Thompson, 1997 #13166].

72 Includes mexicanus van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937 [van Rossem, 1937 #3927] and staebleri Brodkorb, 1940 [Brodkorb, 1940 #493] see Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

73 For recognition see Johnson et al. (1998) [Johnson, 1998 #2132] but see also Whittier et al. (2006) [Whittier, 2006 #10114].

74 Includes horni; see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

75 Includes chloropoda; see Hellmayr & Conover (1948) [Hellmayr, 1948 #6475], but see also Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

76 Includes addenda; see Cheng (1987) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1987 #739] but see also Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

77 Original spelling grönvoldi. Not based on a German word. Here used as Code requires.

78 Includes strenua; see Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

79 For suppression of Sterna tschegrava, the specific name used by Peters (1934) [Peters, 1934 #3007], see Opinion 904 (I.C.Z.N., 1970) [I.C.Z.N., 1970 #9645].

80 Name taken from plate appearing before text requires recognition of joint authorship see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].

81 Often placed in Sterna but see Bridge et al. (2005) [Bridge, 2005 #482].

82 Correct original spelling. Spelling albistriata in Peters (1937) [Peters, 1937 #3007] and Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

83 For note on spelling, see David & Gosselin (2002) [David, 2002 #1124].

84 Subspecies recognition and attributed ranges follow Mees (1977) [Mees, 1977 #2623] except that hybrida reaches Sulawesi (White & Bruce, 1986) [White, 1986 #4194] and Luzon in good numbers (Dickinson et al., 1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

85 Includes indicus, leggei and swinhoei; see Mees (1977) [Mees, 1977 #2623].

86 For recognition see Mees (1977) [Mees, 1977 #2623], who included sclateri.

87 Correct original spelling. Spelling delalandei in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

88 Includes fluviatilis; see Mees (1977) [Mees, 1977 #2623].

89 Included in bangsi by Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967], but see Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

90 Monotypic treatment follows Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961]; for recognition of incerta and aucklandorum see Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

91 Included in nominate subspecies by Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

92 For recognition as distinct from sanctipauli see Tree in Hockey (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

93 Prior name for this population contra Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].

94 Includes macquariensis Falla, 1936 [Falla, 1936 #1534]; see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961].

95 For recognition see Higgins & Davies (1996) [Higgins, 1996 #1961] but see also Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

96 McNicholl et al. (2001) [McNicholl, 2001 #13068] implicitly include litoricola Oberholser, 1938 [Oberholser, 1938 #10179].

97 This name has been used almost universally since Deignan (1945) [Deignan, 1945 #1180] and replaced S. melanogaster, which was used by Peters (1934) [Peters, 1934 #3007]. For a dissenting view see Mees (1989) [Mees, 1989 #2634].

98 Mlíkovsky (2011) [Mlíkovsky, 2011 #13190] argued that the older name media Horsfield, 1821, was not truly preoccupied by media Vieillot, 1820, and should be restored.

99 Includes par based on Red Sea birds; see Gochfeld & Burger (1996) [Gochfeld, 1996 #1716].

100 For replacement of name zimmermanni, used by Peters (1934) [Peters, 1934 #3007], see Mees (1975) [Mees, 1975 #7081].

101 The name ichla Mathews, 1937 [Mathews, 1937 #2531], a nomen novum for elegans, is not needed; his source did not list Sterna elegans but Terna elegans, which is a nomen nudum anyway.

102 Forms a superspecies with T. bengalensis, T. elegans, and T. bernsteini; see Mayr & Short (1970) [Mayr, 1970 #2566].

103 May merit treatment, with eurygnathus, as a separate species (Efe et al. 2009) [Efe, 2009 #11808], but see also Jackson et al. (2012) [Jackson, 2012 #14125].

104 Formerly treated as a separate species but see Norton (1984) [Norton, 1984 #13865], Hayes (2004) [Hayes, 2004 #1921], Efe et al. (2009) [Efe, 2009 #11808], and references therein. Populations of southern South America may merit recognition as a separate taxon (Escalante 1973) [Escalante, 1973 #13861].

105 Considered to form a superspecies with T. bergii by Mayr & Short (1970) [Mayr, 1970 #2566].

106 Austral breeding population may represent undescribed taxon; see Buckley & Buckley (2002) [Buckley, 2002 #12928].

107 Diagnosability questioned by Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086], but see Buckley & Buckley (2002) [Buckley, 2002 #12928].

108 Includes enigma Clancey, 1979 [Clancey, 1979 #894]; see Crawford et al. in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

109 Includes gwendolenae; see Mees (1982) [Mees, 1982 #2626].