H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics

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APODIDAE - Swifts^1,2 (20:99)

HEMIPROCNINAE

HEMIPROCNE Nitzsch, 1829 F - Cypselus longipennis Temminck, 1823; type by subsequent designation (Oberholser, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 68). = Hirundo longipennis Rafinesque, 1802

Hemiprocne coronata ³ (Tickell, 1833) Crested Treeswift

vC Himalayas (Uttarakhand to Bhutan), N, C and SW India, Sri Lanka, S Yunnan, continental SE Asia (except extreme SW)

Hemiprocne longipennis Grey-rumped Treeswift

harterti Stresemann, 1913 iExtreme SW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, SW Philippines (Sulu Arch.)

perlonga (Richmond, 1903)⁴ vSimeulue I. to Enggano I. (off W Sumatra)

longipennis (Rafinesque, 1802) vJava, Bali, Kangean Is. (Java Sea), Lombok (Lesser Sundas)

wallacii (Gould, 1859)⁵ iSulawesi, Banggai Is., Sula Is.

Hemiprocne comata Whiskered Treeswift

comata (Temminck, 1824)⁶ vS Myanmar (S Tenasserim), Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra and W satellites (Nias I. to Mentawai Is.), Borneo

major (E. Hartert, 1895)⁷ vPhilippines

Hemiprocne mystacea Moustached Treeswift

confirmata Stresemann, 1914 vMoluccas, Aru Is.

mystacea (Lesson & Garnot, 1827)⁸ vN Moluccas (Gebe), Western Papuan Is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Misool), Numfoor I., Biak I., Yapen I. (in Cenderawasih Bay) and all lowland New Guinea [Lesson, 1827 #15269]

aeroplanes Stresemann, 1921⁹ iLong I., Umboi, New Britain, New Ireland and New Hanover and satellite islands, St. Matthias Group, Hibernian Is. (Bismarck Arch.)

macrura Salomonsen, 1983¹⁰ vAdmiralty Is. (Bismarck Arch.) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

woodfordiana (E. Hartert, 1896) vFeni Is. (Hibernian Is.), Buka to Malaita, Guadalcanal and Rennell (Solomons)

carbonaria Salomonsen, 1983 vSan Cristobal and satellite islets (SE Solomons) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

CYPSELOIDINAE

CYPSELOIDES Streubel, 1848 M - Hemiprocne fumigata Streubel, 1848; type by subsequent designation (P.L. Sclater, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 33, p. 614).

Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway, 1893 Spot-fronted Swift

iMountains of SW Costa Rica and N Venezuela; Andes of NC and SW Colombia and N Ecuador

Cypseloides cryptus ¹¹ J.T. Zimmer, 1945 White-chinned Swift

vS Belize to Panama; Andes from SW Venezuela to SE Peru; tepuis of S Venezuela and Guyana; N Brazil (NE Amazonas) [Zimmer, 1945 #4300]

Cypseloides storeri ¹² Navarro, Peterson, Escalante & Benitez, 1992 White-fronted Swift

iMountains of SW Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero) [Navarro-Siguenza, 1992 #2751]

Cypseloides niger¹³ Black Swift

borealis (Kennerly, 1858) αvSE Alaska to SW USA >> South America

costaricensis Ridgway, 1910 vW and C Mexico (SW Chihuahua, Hidalgo) to Costa Rica

niger (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) vWest Indies, Trinidad

Cypseloides lemosi Eisenmann & Lehmann, 1962 White-chested Swift

iNC and SW Colombia; NE Ecuador; NW Peru [Eisenmann, 1962 #1494]

Cypseloides rothschildi ^14,15 J.T. Zimmer, 1945 Rothschild's Swift

iS Bolivia (SW Santa Cruz) to NW Argentina (Tucumán, Santiago del Estero) [Zimmer, 1945 #4300]

Cypseloides fumigatus (Streubel, 1848) Sooty Swift

vE Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones), SE Brazil (C Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul)

Cypseloides senex (Temminck, 1826) Great Dusky Swift

iNE Bolivia, C & S Brazil, E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

STREPTOPROCNE Oberholser, 1906 F - Hirundo zonaris Shaw, 1796; type by original designation

Streptoprocne rutila¹⁶ Chestnut-collared Swift

griseifrons (Nelson, 1900) iW Mexico

brunnitorques (Lafresnaye, 1844)¹⁷ iSE Mexico to Panama; Andes of Colombia to WC Bolivia

rutila (Vieillot, 1817) vAndes and Coastal Range of Venezuela, Trinidad

Streptoprocne phelpsi (Collins, 1972) Tepui Swift

iTepuis of S Venezuela, SW Guyana and N Brazil [Collins, 1972 #1021]

Streptoprocne zonaris¹⁸ White-collared Swift

mexicana Ridgway, 1910 vS Mexico (Guerrero, Veracruz) to Belize

bouchellii W. Huber, 1923 iNicaragua to Panama

pallidifrons (E. Hartert, 1896) iGreater Antilles, Lesser Antilles (the Grenadines, Grenada)

minor (Lawrence, 1882) vCoastal Range of Venezuela, Trinidad [Lawrence, 1882 #2340]

albicincta (Cabanis, 1862) vS and E Venezuela, Guyana

subtropicalis Parkes, 1994 vSanta Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá ; Andes of W Venezuela (Mérida) to S Peru [Parkes, 1994 #2947]

altissima Chapman, 1914 vHigh elevations of Andes of Colombia and Ecuador

kuenzeli Niethammer, 1953 iHigh elevations of Andes of Bolivia and NW Argentina [Niethammer, 1953 #2768]

zonaris (Shaw, 1796) vBolivia, S Brazil, C and E Paraguay

Streptoprocne biscutata Biscutate Swift

seridoensis Sick, 1991 vNE Brazil (S Piauí to Rio Grande do Norte) [Sick, 1991 #3644]

biscutata (P.L. Sclater, 1866) αvSE Brazil (Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Streptoprocne semicollaris (de Saussure, 1859) White-naped Swift

vMountains of W Mexico (S Chihuahua to Nayarit; México, Morelos, Guerrero)

APODINAE - Tribe CHAETURINI

MEARNSIA Ridgway, 1911 F - Chaetura picina Tweeddale, 1879; type by original designation

Mearnsia picina (Tweeddale, 1879) Philippine Spinetailed Swift

vSC and S Philippines

Mearnsia novaeguineae Papuan Spinetailed Swift

buergersi (Reichenow, 1917)¹⁹ iLowland N New Guinea (R. Mamberamo basin to Astrolabe Bay)

novaeguineae (D'Albertis & Salvadori, 1879) iLowland S and SE New Guinea (neck of Vogelkop to Orangerie Bay)

ZOONAVENA Mathews, 1918 F - Chaetura grandidieri Schlegel; type by original designation and monotypy = Chaetura grandidieri J. Verreaux, 1867

Zoonavena grandidieri Madagascar Spinetailed Swift

mariae (Benson, 1960) iGrande Comore (Comoros) [Benson, 1960 #261]

grandidieri (J. Verreaux, 1867) iMadagascar

Zoonavena thomensis (E. Hartert, 1900) São Tomé Spinetailed Swift

vSão Tomé, Príncipe

Zoonavena sylvatica (Tickell, 1846) White-rumped Spinetailed Swift

vNepal, India >> Bangladesh

TELACANTHURA Mathews, 1918 F - Chaetura ussheri Sharpe, 1870; type by original designation

Telacanthura ussheri Mottled Spinetailed Swift

ussheri (Sharpe, 1870) iSenegal to Nigeria

sharpei (Neumann, 1908) iS Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo and Uganda

stictilaema (Reichenow, 1879)²⁰ vKenya, NE and C Tanzania

benguellensis (Neumann, 1908) vS Zambia, S Malawi to E Zimbabwe and S Mozambique; W Angola

Telacanthura melanopygia (Chapin, 1915) Black Spinetailed Swift

vSierra Leone to Cameroon and Gabon, SW Central African Republic, NE DR Congo, NE Angola

RHAPHIDURA E.W. Oates, 1883 F - Acanthylis leucopygialis Blyth, 1849; type by monotypy ²¹

Rhaphidura leucopygialis ²² (Blyth, 1849) Silver-rumped Spinetailed Swift

vS Myanmar (S Tenasserim), Thai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas

Rhaphidura sabini (J.E. Gray, 1829) Sabine's Spinetailed Swift

iSierra Leone to Uganda and W Kenya, Bioko

NEAFRAPUS Mathews, 1918 M - Chaetura cassini P.L. Sclater, 1863; type by original designation

Neafrapus cassini ²³ (P.L. Sclater, 1863) Cassin's Spinetailed Swift

iS Ivory Coast to Gabon and DR Congo and W Uganda

Neafrapus boehmi Böhm's Spinetailed Swift

boehmi (Schalow, 1882) iW Angola to W Tanzania

sheppardi (Roberts, 1922)²⁴ iSE Kenya, E Tanzania, E and S Zambia to Mozambique

CHAETURA Stephens, 1826 F - Hirundo pelasgia Stephens; type by subsequent designation (Swainson, 1830, Zoological Illustrations, new ser., 1, pl. 42 and text). = Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus, 1758

Chaetura fumosa ²⁵ Salvin, 1870 Costa Rican Swift

vPacific slope from SW Costa Rica to W Panama (Chiriquí)

Chaetura spinicaudus Band-rumped Swift

aetherodroma Wetmore, 1951 vC Panama (Panamá) to NW Colombia and SW Ecuador [Wetmore, 1951 #4134]

spinicaudus (Temminck, 1839)^26,27 δiS and E Venezuela, the Guianas, N and C Amazonian Brazil

Chaetura martinica ²⁸ (Hermann, 1783) Lesser Antillean Swift

vGuadeloupe to St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles)

Chaetura cinereiventris Gray-rumped Swift

phaeopygos Hellmayr, 1906 iCaribbean slope from E Nicaragua to NW Panama (Bocas del Toro)

lawrencei Ridgway, 1893 iCoastal Range of Venezuela, Isla de Margarita, Trinidad, Grenada

schistacea Todd, 1937 vAndes of W Venezuela (Mérida) to NC Colombia (Boyacá)

guianensis E. Hartert, 1892 vE Venezuela, W Guyana

occidentalis von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 vW Colombia to NW Peru (Tumbes)

sclateri von Pelzeln, 1868 iW Amazonia from S Venezuela to N Bolivia

cinereiventris P.L. Sclater, 1862 vSE Brazil (SE Bahia to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Chaetura egregia ²⁹ Todd, 1916 Pale-rumped Swift

vE Ecuador, E Peru and SW Brazil (Acre) to NE Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

Chaetura vauxi Vaux's Swift

1 vauxi (J.K. Townsend, 1839) iSW Canada (British Columbia) to SW USA (C California) >> C Mexico to Honduras

1 tamaulipensis Sutton, 1941 vNE Mexico (SW Tamaulipas, SE San Luis Potosí) [Sutton, 1941 #3786]

2 gaumeri Lawrence, 1882³⁰ iSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen., Isla de Cozumel)

3 warneri A.R. Phillips, 1966³¹ iW and SW Mexico (S Sinaloa to Oaxaca) [Phillips, 1966 #3064]

3 richmondi Ridgway, 1910³² iS Mexico (S Veracruz) to W Panama (Chiriquí, Bocas del Toro)

3 ochropygia Aldrich, 1937 vC Panama (Veraguas, Coclé, Isla de Coiba, Arch. de las Perlas)

4 andrei von Berlepsch & E. Hartert, 1902³³ Orinoco valley (Venezuela)

Chaetura pelagica ³⁴ (Linnaeus, 1758) Chimney Swift

vS Canada (west to E Saskatchewan), E USA (west to North Dakota and W Texas) >> W and WC South America

Chaetura chapmani Hellmayr, 1907 Chapman's Swift

iC Panama to N Colombia, NW, S and E Venezuela, the Guianas and N Brazil

Chaetura viridipennis ³⁵ Cherrie, 1916 Amazonian Swift

vE Peru, SW and S Amazonian Brazil

Chaetura meridionalis ³⁶ Hellmayr, 1907 Sick's Swift

vE and S Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay and N Argentina >> Colombia, French Guiana

Chaetura brachyura Short-tailed Swift

praevelox Bangs & T.E. Penard, 1918 iSt. Vincent and Grenada (S Lesser Antilles)

brachyura (Jardine, 1846) vC Panama to Venezuela and the Guianas, Trinidad, Tobago

ocypetes J.T. Zimmer, 1953³⁷ iSW Ecuador (S Manabí) to NW Peru (Tumbes) [Zimmer, 1953 #4319]

cinereocauda (Cassin, 1850)³⁸ iN and W Amazonia [Cassin, 1850 #673]

HIRUNDAPUS Hodgson, 1837 M - Cypselus (Chaetura) nudipes Hodgson, 1837; type by original designation

Hirundapus caudacutus³⁹ White-throated Needletail

caudacutus (Latham, 1801)⁴⁰ αvC Siberia to Russian Far East, Mongolia, Japan, Korea, NE China >> SE New Guinea, E Australia

nudipes (Hodgson, 1837) iHimalayan foothills, SW China, NW continental SE Asia >> Thai-Malay Pen., Java

Hirundapus cochinchinensis ⁴¹ (Oustalet, 1878) Silver-backed Needletail

vFoothills of C and E Himalayas (west to Nepal), extreme NE India, Hainan, Taiwan, E continental SE Asia >> mainland SE Asia, Sumatra, Java

Hirundapus giganteus Brown-backed Needletail

indicus (Hume, 1873) vSW India and Sri Lanka, NE India, Andamans, continental SE Asia >> mainland SE Asia

giganteus (Temminck, 1825) vThai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas, SW Philippines (Palawan)

Hirundapus celebensis ^42,43 (P.L. Sclater, 1866) Purple Needletailα

vSulawesi, Philippines (except Palawan)

APODINAE⁴⁴ - Tribe COLLOCALINI⁴⁴

COLLOCALIA G.R. Gray, 1840 F - Hirundo esculenta Linnaeus, 1758; type by original designation ⁴⁵

Collocalia troglodytes ⁴⁶ G.R. Gray, 1845 Pygmy Swiftlet

iPhilippines

Collocalia linchi⁴⁷ Cave Swiftlet

ripleyi Somadikarta, 1986 iSumatra [Somadikarta, 1986 #3679]

linchi Horsfield & F. Moore, 1854⁴⁸ iJava, Bawean I. (Java Sea)

dedii Somadikarta, 1986⁴⁹ iBali, Lombok [Somadikarta, 1986 #3679]

dodgei Richmond, 1905⁵⁰ iNW Borneo⁵¹

Collocalia esculenta⁵² Glossy Swiftlet

1 affinis Beavan, 1867 vAndamans, Nicobars

1 elachyptera Oberholser, 1906 vMergui Arch. (off SE Myanmar)

1 cyanoptila Oberholser, 1906 vThai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo

1 vanderbilti Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940 iNias I. (off W Sumatra) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1940 #2662]

1 oberholseri Stresemann, 1912 iBatu Is. and Mentawai Is. (off W Sumatra)

natalis Lister, 1889⁵³ vChristmas I. (Indian Ocean)

2 septentrionalis Mayr, 1945 vBabuyan, Calayan, Camiguin Norte (Philippines) [Delacour, 1945 #1287]

2 isonota Oberholser, 1906⁵⁴ δvN Luzon (Philippines)

2 marginata Salvadori, 1882⁵⁵ vC and S Luzon, W and E Visayan Is. (Philippines)

2 bagobo Hachisuka, 1930⁵⁶ iMindoro, Mindanao, Sulu Arch. (Tawi-Tawi Group)

3 manadensis Salomonsen, 1983 vTalaud Is., Sangir Is., N Sulawesi [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

3 esculenta (Linnaeus, 1758) vSulawesi (except N), Banggai Is., Sula Is., C and S Moluccas (Obi to to Kai Is.)

3 minuta Stresemann, 1925 vIslands in Flores Sea

3 spilura G.R. Gray, 1866⁵⁷ N Moluccas [Gray, 1866 #1801]

3 sumbawae Stresemann, 1925 iSumbawa, Sumba, Flores (Lesser Sundas)

3 neglecta G.R. Gray, 1866 vDao to Timor (Lesser Sundas)

3 perneglecta Mayr, 1944 vAlor to Damar and Savu (?) (Lesser Sundas) [Mayr, 1944 #2552]

3 amethystina Salomonsen, 1983 vWaigeo (Western Papuan Is.) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

3 numforensis Salomonsen, 1983 vNumfoor I., Biak I. (?) (in Cenderawasih Bay) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

3 nitens Ogilvie-Grant, 1914 iWestern Papuan Is. (Batanta, Salawati, Misool), lowland and montane New Guinea (except range of erwini), Yapen I, Karkar I.

3 erwini Collin & E. Hartert, 1927 iAlpine WC New Guinea (Maoke Mts.)

3 stresemanni Rothschild & E. Hartert, 1914 iAdmiralty Is. (Bismarck Arch.)

3 heinrothi Neumann, 1919⁵⁸ New Hanover, Nusa, New Ireland, Djaul I. (Bismarck Arch.)

3 spilogaster Salomonsen, 1983⁵⁹ iHibernian Is. (Bismarck Arch.), Nissan (Green Is.) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

3 tametamele Stresemann, 1921 iLong I., Witu Is., New Britain (Bismarck Arch.), Buka, Bougainville (N Solomons)

3 misimae Salomonsen, 1983 iLouisiade Arch. (off SE New Guinea) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

3 becki Mayr, 1931 iShortland, Fauro, Choiseul, New Georgia Is., Santa Isabel, Pavuvu, Malaita, Florida Is., Guadalcanal (Solomons)

3 makirensis Mayr, 1931 vSan Cristobal (SE Solomons)

3 desiderata Mayr, 1931 vRennell (S Solomons)

3 uropygialis G.R. Gray, 1866 vUtupua, Vanikoro (Santa Cruz Is.), Vanuatu

3 albidior Salomonsen, 1983 vNew Caledonia, Loyalty Is. [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

HYDROCHOUS Brooke, 1970 M - Collocalia gigas E. Hartert & A.L. Butler, 1901; type by original designation and monotypy

Hydrochous gigas (E. Hartert & A.L. Butler, 1901) Waterfall Swiftlet

S Thai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas

AERODRAMUS Oberholser, 1906 M - Collocalia innominata Hume, 1873; type by original designation

Aerodramus papuensis ⁶⁰ (Rand, 1941) Papuan Swiftlet/Three-toed Swiftlet

vMontane C, NE and SE New Guinea (Kobowre Mts. to Owen Stanley Range, mountains of Huon Pen.) [Rand, 1941 #3184]

Aerodramus whiteheadi⁶¹ Whitehead's Swiftlet

whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1895) iMt. Data in N Luzon (Philippines)

origenis (Oberholser, 1906) vMindanao, Negros (Philippines)

Aerodramus nuditarsus (Salomonsen, 1962) Bare-legged Swiftlet

Montane WC to SE New Guinea (central cordillera) [Salomonsen, 1962 #3452]

Aerodramus orientalis⁶² Mayr's Swiftlet

leletensis (Salomonsen, 1962) vC New Ireland (Bismarck Arch.) [Salomonsen, 1962 #3452]

orientalis (Mayr, 1935) vGuadalcanal (SE Solomons)

Aerodramus infuscatus⁶³ Moluccan Swiftlet

sororum (Stresemann, 1931) iSulawesi (except N?)

infuscatus (Salvadori, 1880) vSangir Is. (Sangir, Siau) and N Moluccas

ceramensis (van Oort, 1911) vS Moluccas

Aerodramus hirundinaceus Mountain Swiftlet

baru (Stresemann & Paludan, 1932)⁶⁴ αiYapen I. (in Cenderawasih Bay)

hirundinaceus (Stresemann, 1914) vMontane New Guinea (except range of excelsus), Karkar I., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (Goodenough I.)

excelsus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1914) vMontane to alpine WC New Guinea (upper Maoke Mts.)

Aerodramus terraereginae⁶⁵ Australian Swiftlet

terraereginae (E.P. Ramsay, 1875) iCoastal NE Australia (E Cape York Pen. to EC Queensland)

chillagoensis Pecotich, 1982 vSubcoastal NE Queensland [Pecotich, 1982 #2994]

Aerodramus brevirostris Himalayan Swiftlet

brevirostris (Horsfield, 1840) vHimalayan foothills (east from Himachal Pradesh), NE India, W Yunnan to N Myanmar

innominatus (Hume, 1873)⁶⁶ vC and SW China, extreme NE continental SE Asia >> Andaman Sea islands, mainland SE Asia

rogersi (Deignan, 1955)⁶⁷ iYunnan (?), E Myanmar, NW and W Thailand >> C Laos, Thai-Malay Pen. [Deignan, 1955 #1231]

vulcanorum (Stresemann, 1926)⁶⁸ iMountains of W Java

Aerodramus maximus⁶⁹ Black-nest Swiftlet

maximus (Hume, 1878) vSE Myanmar (S Tenasserim), Thai-Malay Pen., SE Vietnam [Hume, 1878 #2039]⁷⁰

lowi (Sharpe, 1879) iSumatra, Java, W and N Borneo

tichelmani (Stresemann, 1926) iSE Borneo

Aerodramus ocistus⁷¹ Marquesan Swiftlet

ocistus (Oberholser, 1906) vN Iles Marquises

gilliardi (Somadikarta, 1994) iS Iles Marquises [Somadikarta, 1994 #3680]

Aerodramus amelis⁷² Ameline Swiftlet

amelis (Oberholser, 1906) Philippines (except Palawan)

palawanensis (Stresemann, 1914)⁷³ vPalawan (Philippines)

Aerodramus vanikorensis Uniform Swiftlet

aenigma (Riley, 1918) iN and C Sulawesi

heinrichi (Stresemann, 1932) iSW Sulawesi

moluccarum (Stresemann, 1914) iS Moluccas

waigeuensis (Stresemann & Paludan, 1932) vN Moluccas, Western Papuan Is.

steini (Stresemann & Paludan, 1932) iNumfoor I., Biak I. (in Cenderawasih Bay)

yorki (Mathews, 1916)⁷⁴ iLowland New Guinea, Aru Is., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. >> Cape York Pen.

tagulae (Mayr, 1937) iTrobriand Is., Woodlark I., Louisiade Arch. (Misima, Tagula)

coultasi (Mayr, 1937) iAdmiralty Is., St. Matthias Group (Bismarck Arch.)

pallens (Salomonsen, 1983) iLong I., Umboi, New Britain, New Ireland and New Hanover and satellite islands, Djaul I. (Bismarck Arch.) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

lihirensis (Mayr, 1937) vTabar Is., Lihir I., Tanga Is., Feni Is. (Hibernian Is.)

lugubris (Salomonsen, 1983) vBuka to San Cristobal (Solomons) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) vDuff Is., Swallow Is., Ndeni, Vanikoro (Santa Cruz Is.), Vanuatu

Aerodramus leucophaeus Polynesian Swiftlet

leucophaeus (Peale, 1848) vSociety Is.

sawtelli (Holyoak, 1974)⁷⁵ iAtiu (Cook Is.) [Holyoak, 1974 #1987]

Aerodramus inquietus Caroline Swiftlet

rukensis (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1915) vChuuk (Caroline Is.)

ponapensis (Mayr, 1935) vPohnpei (Caroline Is.)

inquietus (von Kittlitz, 1858) vKosrae (Caroline Is.)

Aerodramus pelewensis ⁷⁶ (Mayr, 1935) Palau Swiftlet

vBabeldaob to Peleliu (Palau)

Aerodramus bartschi ⁷⁷ (Mearns, 1909) Mariana Swiftlet

Saipan, Tinian (Northern Mariana Is.), Guam

Aerodramus mearnsi ^78,79 (Oberholser, 1912) Philippine Swiftlet

Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Bohol, Mindanao (Philippines)

Aerodramus spodiopygius⁸⁰ White-rumped Swiftlet

delichon (Salomonsen, 1983) iAdmiralty Is. (Bismarck Arch.) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

eichhorni (E. Hartert, 1924) iSt. Matthias Group (Bismarck Arch.)

noonaedanae (Salomonsen, 1983) iNew Britain, New Ireland, Lihir I., Tabar Is. (Bismarck Arch.) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

reichenowi (Stresemann, 1912) iBuka to San Cristobal (Solomons)

desolatus (Salomonsen, 1983) vDuff Is., Swallow Is., Ndeni (Santa Cruz Is.), Tikopia (Solomons) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

epiensis (Salomonsen, 1983) vBanks Is. to Epi (Vanuatu) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

ingens (Salomonsen, 1983) iEmaé to Anatom (Vanuatu) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]

leucopygius (Wallace, 1864) vNew Caledonia, Loyalty Is.

assimilis (Stresemann, 1912) vFiji

townsendi (Oberholser, 1906) iTonga

spodiopygius (Peale, 1848) vSamoa

Aerodramus unicolor ⁸¹ (Jerdon, 1840) Indian Swiftlet

SW India, Sri Lanka

Aerodramus francicus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Mascarene Swiftlet

vMauritius, Réunion

Aerodramus elaphrus (Oberholser, 1906) Seychelles Swiftlet

vSeychelles

Aerodramus fuciphagus⁸² Edible-nest Swiftlet

inexpectatus (Hume, 1873) vAndamans and Nicobars

germani (Oustalet, 1876)^83,84 αiCoastal Hainan, continental SE Asia (except NW), Thai-Malay Pen. (except S), N Borneo, W Philippines

amechanus (Oberholser, 1912) vAnamba Is. (Indonesia)

vestitus (Lesson, 1843) vSumatra, Belitung I. (off SE Sumatra), Borneo

perplexus (Riley, 1927)⁸⁵ vMaratua I. (off E Borneo)

fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812)⁸⁶ vExtreme S Thai-Malay Pen. (?), coastal Sumatra, Java, Java and Flores Sea islands, W Lesser Sundas (east to Sumbawa)

dammermani (Rensch, 1931) iFlores (Lesser Sundas)

micans (Stresemann, 1914) iSumba, Savu, Timor (Lesser Sundas)

Aerodramus salangana^87,88 Mossy-nest Swiftlet

aerophilus (Oberholser, 1912) vBanyak Is. to Mentawai Is. (off W Sumatra)

salangana (Streubel, 1848) iJava [Streubel, 1848 #3771]

natunae (Stresemann, 1930) iSumatra (ssp.?), Natuna Is. (Indonesia), Borneo

maratua (Riley, 1927) iMaratua I. (off E Borneo), Basilan (SW Philippines)

APODINAE⁸⁹ - Tribe APODINI⁸⁹

SCHOUTEDENAPUS de Roo, 1968 M - Cypselus myoptilus Salvadori, 1888; type by original designation

Schoutedenapus myoptilus Scarce Swift

myoptilus (Salvadori, 1888) iEthiopia south to Zimbabwe

poensis (Alexander, 1903) vBioko

chapini (Prigogine, 1957) iE DR Congo, Rwanda, SW Uganda [Prigogine, 1957 #3133]

Schoutedenapus schoutedeni (Prigogine, 1960) Schouteden's Swift

iE DR Congo [Prigogine, 1960 #3134]

AERONAUTES E. Hartert, 1892 M - Cypselus melanoleucus Baird, 1854; type by monotypy = Acanthylis saxatilis Woodhouse, 1853

Aeronautes saxatalis White-throated Swift

saxatalis (Woodhouse, 1853)⁹⁰ vSW Canada, W USA, N, C and W Mexico (south to Oaxaca)

nigrior Dickey & van Rossem, 1928 vHighlands of S Mexico (Chiapas) to Honduras

Aeronautes montivagus White-tipped Swift

montivagus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) vSanta Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; Coastal Range of Venezuela; Andes of W Venezuela to NW Argentina (Jujuy)

tatei (Chapman, 1929) iTepuis of S Venezuela, Guyana and N Brazil

Aeronautes andecolus Andean Swift

parvulus (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1892) vW slope of Andes of N Peru (Cajamarca) to N Chile (Tarapacá)

peruvianus (Chapman, 1919) vAndes of SE Peru

andecolus (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) iAndes of Bolivia to WC Argentina (W Río Negro)

TACHORNIS Gosse, 1847 F - Tachornis phoenicobia Gosse, 1847; type by monotypy

Tachornis phoenicobia Antillean Palm Swift

iradii (Lembeye, 1850)⁹¹ iCuba, Isla de la Juventud

phoenicobia Gosse, 1847 vHispaniola, Jamaica

Tachornis furcata⁹² Pygmy Swift

furcata (Sutton, 1928) vNE Colombia (NE Norte de Santander), W Venezuela (S Maracaibo basin)

nigrodorsalis (Aveledo & A.R. Pons, 1952) vNW Venezuela (W Maracaibo basin in Zulia) [Aveledo, 1952 #114]

Tachornis squamata⁹³ Fork-tailed Palm Swift

semota (Riley, 1933) vE Ecuador to S Venezuela, NE Bolivia and W and C Brazil

squamata (Cassin, 1853)⁹⁴ vTrinidad, Venezuela, and the Guianas to NE and E Brazil

PANYPTILA Cabanis, 1847 F - Hirundo cayennensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789; type by original designation and monotypy

Panyptila sanctihieronymi ⁹⁵ Salvin, 1863 Great Swallow-tailed Swift

iMountains of SW and S Mexico (Nayarit to Chiapas), Guatemala and Honduras

Panyptila cayennensis ⁹⁶ (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift

vS Mexico (S Veracruz, Chiapas) to NW Peru (Tumbes), the Guianas and Amazonia; coastal E and SE Brazil

CYPSIURUS Lesson, 1843 M - Cypselus ambrosiacus Temminck, 1828; type by monotypy = Cypselus parvus M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823

Cypsiurus parvus African Palm Swift

parvus (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) vSenegal and Gambia to N Ethiopia; SW Saudi Arabia, W Yemen

brachypterus (Reichenow, 1903) vSierra Leone to NE and S DR Congo and Angola, Bioko

myochrous (Reichenow, 1886) vSouth Sudan through E DR Congo, Lake Victoria basin, W Tanzania to Zimbabwe, NE and E South Africa,

laemostigma (Reichenow, 1905)⁹⁷ iSE Ethiopia, C and E Kenya and S Somalia to C Mozambique

griveaudi Benson, 1960 iComoros [Benson, 1960 #261]

gracilis (Sharpe, 1871) vMadagascar

celer Clancey, 1983 vS Mozambique to lower KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) [Clancey, 1983 #918]

hyphaenes Brooke, 1972 iN Namibia, N Botswana [Brooke, 1972 #506]

Cypsiurus balasiensis⁹⁸ Asian Palm Swift

balasiensis (J.E. Gray, 1829) vPakistan, India (except Assam), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

infumatus (P.L. Sclater, 1866) αvExtreme NE India, Yunnan, Hainan, mainland SE Asia, Sumatra, Borneo

bartelsorum Brooke, 1972 iJava, Bali [Brooke, 1972 #506]

pallidior (McGregor, 1905) vPhilippines

TACHYMARPTIS Roberts, 1922 M - Hirundo melba Linnaeus, 1758; type by original designation ⁹⁹

Tachymarptis melba Alpine Swift

melba (Linnaeus, 1758)¹⁰⁰ iN Morocco, S Europe, Turkey, NW Iran >> W, C and NE Africa

tuneti (von Tschusi, 1904) iNW Africa, NE Mediterranean, Iran to W Pakistan

archeri (E. Hartert, 1928) iS Israel, Jordan, SW Saudi Arabia, W Yemen, N Somalia

maximus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1907) vRwenzori Mts. (DR Congo/Uganda)

africanus (Temminck, 1815)¹⁰¹ vEthiopia and N Somalia to E Africa, SW Angola and NW Namibia; South Africa

marjoriae (Bradfield, 1935) iNC to S Namibia and adjacent Northern Cape (South Africa)

willsi (E. Hartert, 1896) iMadagascar

nubifugus (Koelz, 1954)¹⁰² δvW and C Himalayas (NE Pakistan to Nepal) >> C India [Koelz, 1954 #2250]

dorabtatai (Abdulali, 1965)¹⁰³ W India [Abdulali, 1965 #15]

bakeri (E. Hartert, 1928) iSri Lanka

Tachymarptis aequatorialis Mottled Swift

lowei (Bannerman, 1920) iSierra Leone to Nigeria

bamendae (Serle, 1949)¹⁰⁴ iNW Cameroon [Serle, 1949 #3572]

furensis (Lynes, 1920) vW Sudan (Darfur)

aequatorialis (J.W. von Müller, 1851)¹⁰⁵ vEritrea, Ethiopia and E Africa south to S Mozambique and E Zimbabwe, WC Angola

gelidus (Brooke, 1967) vZimbabwe (except E) [Brooke, 1967 #498]

APUS Scopoli, 1777 M - Hirundo apus Linnaeus, 1758; type by tautonymy

Apus acuticauda Dark-rumped Swift

cooki (Harington, 1913)¹⁰⁶ E Myanmar, N Thailand, Laos, C Vietnam >> Thai-Malay Pen.

acuticauda (Jerdon, 1864)^107,108,109 δBhutan and NE India >> Myanmar

Apus pacificus¹¹⁰ Fork-tailed Swift/Pacific Swift

1 leuconyx (Blyth, 1845) iHimalayas and Assam hills >> S India

2 salimalii Lack, 1958¹¹¹ E Xizang, S Qinghai and W Sichuan [Lack, 1958 #2304]

3 pacificus (Latham, 1801)¹¹² αvAltai Mts. to Kamchatka, Japan and NC China >> Indonesia, Melanesia, Australia

3 kanoi (Yamashina, 1942)¹¹³ iS China, Taiwan, Lanyu I. (off Taiwan), Batan Is. (Philippines) >> Assam, mainland SE Asia [Yamashina, 1942 #4276]

Apus caffer ¹¹⁴ (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) White-rumped Swift

vIberia, NW Africa; Senegal east to Somalia and south to South Africa

Apus batesi (Sharpe, 1904) Bates's Swift

iGuinea to Ghana; Nigeria to Cameroon, E DR Congo

Apus horus Horus Swift

horus (von Heuglin, 1869)¹¹⁵ iEthiopia to South Africa; N Ghana to Nigeria, N Cameroon, W Chad, W and EC Sudan, W DR Congo, NW Angola

fuscobrunneus Brooke, 1971 vSW Angola [Brooke, 1971 #505]

Apus nipalensis^116,117 House Swift

nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837)¹¹⁸ αvC and E Himalayas (from C Nepal westward), NE India, Bangladesh, S China, S Japan, continental SE Asia

subfurcatus (Blyth, 1849) vThai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi (ssp.?)

furcatus Brooke, 1971 vJava, Bali, Lesser Sundas (Sumba to Timor) [Brooke, 1971 #504]

kuntzi Deignan, 1958 iTaiwan [Deignan, 1958 #1241]

Apus affinis Little Swift

galilejensis (Antinori, 1855)¹¹⁹ vNW Africa, N Sahel to N Somalia, SW to C Asia (Uzbekistan), W Pakistan

bannermani E. Hartert, 1928 iSão Tomé, Príncipe, Bioko

aerobates Brooke, 1969¹²⁰ iSW Mauritania to Ethiopia, south to C Angola, Malawi, Mozambique and lowland E South Africa [Brooke, 1969 #499]

theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1949 iW and S Angola and S Zambia to Zimbabwe and South Africa (except E) [Meinertzhagen, 1949 #2645]

affinis (J.E. Gray, 1830) vE Somalia to N Mozambique, Nepal foothills, India (except NE and S) >> S India

singalensis von Madarász, 1911 vS India, Sri Lanka

Apus niansae Nyanza Swift

niansae (Reichenow, 1887)¹²¹ iMountains of Eritrea and Ethiopia to N Tanzania

somalicus (Stephenson Clarke, 1919) vN Somalia, adjacent E Ethiopia

Apus bradfieldi¹²² Bradfield's Swift

bradfieldi (Roberts, 1926) iSW Angola, Namibia

deserticola Brooke, 1970¹²³ iNorthern Cape and W Free State (South Africa) [Brooke, 1970 #502]

Apus barbatus African Swift

glanvillei Benson, 1967 iSierra Leone [Benson, 1967 #269]

serlei de Roo, 1970 iW Cameroon [de Roo, 1970 #1149]

sladeniae (Ogilvie-Grant, 1904) iSE Nigeria, W Cameroon, W Angola, Bioko

roehli Reichenow, 1906 iKenya to E DR Congo, south to Malawi, NE Angola

hollidayi Benson & Irwin, 1960 iS Zambia, NW Zimbabwe [Benson, 1960 #262]

oreobates Brooke, 1970 iE Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique [Brooke, 1970 #502]

mayottensis (Nicoll, 1906) vComoros

balstoni (E. Bartlett, 1880) iMadagascar

barbatus (P.L. Sclater, 1866) αvSouth Africa

Apus berliozi Forbes-Watson's Swift

berliozi Ripley, 1966¹²⁴ αiS Oman, Socotra [Ripley, 1966 #3316]

bensoni Brooke, 1969 iSomalia >> coastal Kenya [Brooke, 1969 #500]

Apus unicolor (Jardine, 1830) Plain Swift

iMadeira, Canary Is. >> Morocco, Mauritania

Apus alexandri E. Hartert, 1901 Alexander's Swift

iCape Verde Is.

Apus pallidus Pallid Swift

brehmorum E. Hartert, 1901 iMadeira and Canary Is., N Africa to NW Egypt, S Europe, Cyprus, Turkey >> Sahel and Uganda

illyricus von Tschusi, 1907 vE coast of Adriatic Sea >> E Africa

pallidus (Shelley, 1870) vNE Mediterranean, W Mauritania, Saharan hills and Egypt to S Iran >> Sahel, SW Asia to S Pakistan

Apus apus Common Swift

apus (Linnaeus, 1758) iN Africa, W Europe to Lake Baikal >> Africa

pekinensis (Swinhoe, 1870) vIran, Transcaspia and Afghanistan, W and C Himalayas (east to C Nepal), Mongolia and N China >> E and S Africa

1 Family Hemiprocnidae subsumed as a subfamily here following Hackett et al. (2008) [Hackett, 2008 #10993].

2 Traditional subfamilies consistent with deep genetic divergence within family (Chubb 2004) [Chubb, 2004 #760] and wing feather taxis (Bostwick & Brady 2003) [Bostwick, 2003 #447], but broader taxon-sampling desirable.

3 For treatment as a separate species from H. longipennis see Brooke (1969) [Broole, 1969 #501]. Includes dryas Ripley, 1950 [Ripley, 1950 #3300]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

4 Includes ocyptera and thoa; see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4119].

5 Includes dehaani Somadikarta, 1975 [Somadikarta, 1975 #3678], and mendeni Somadikarta, 1975 [Somadikarta, 1975 #3678]; see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4119].

6 Includes stresemanni; see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4119].

7 Includes nakamurai and barbarae Peters, 1939 [Peters, 1939 #3009]; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

8 Dual authorship certain but may have been first published in Férussac's Bulletin by Lesson & Garnot (1827) [Lesson, 1827 #10746], precedence not yet assured.

9 Not recognised by Mees (1965) [Mees, 1965 #2608], but see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4119].

10 For recognition of this and carbonaria see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4119].

11 May form a superspecies with C. storeri; see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

12 Possibly only a subspecies of C. cryptus; see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

13 Formerly placed in the monotypic genus Nephoecetes, but see Zimmer (1945) [Zimmer, 1945 #4300] and A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9]. Forms a superspecies with C. lemosi, C. rothschildi and C. fumigatus; see Mayr & Short (1970) [Mayr, 1970 #2566] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

14 Formerly called Cypseloides major but with the genus Aerornis submerged, this 1931 name became preoccupied by the name Chaetura major Bertoni, 1900, a synonym of C. senex; see Zimmer (1953) [Zimmer, 1953 #4319].

15 Treated as a separate species from C. fumigatus following Rogers (1939) [Rogers, 1939 #3370] and Short (1975) [Short, 1975 #13726]; see also Zimmer (1953) [Zimmer, 1953 #4319].

16 For transfer of this and S. phelpsi from Cypseloides see Marin & Stiles (1992) [Marin, 1992 #2490]; they form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

17 Includes C. nubicola; see Friedmann et al. (1950) [Friedmann, 1950 #10178].

18 For recognition of some taxa see Parkes (1994) [Parkes, 1994 #2947].

19 Includes mamberana; see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

20 Includes marwitzi; see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

21 The use of the spelling Raphidura sabini in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was a typographical error.

22 Mees (2006) [Mees, 2006 #7094] suggested a senior synonym coracina Boie, 1844, be used but made no mention of use since 1899; thus this may be presumed to be a nomen oblitum.

23 Dual original spellings; see David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

24 For recognition see Fry (1988) [Fry, 1988 #1625], who implicitly included madaraszi Keve, 1959 [Keve, 1959 #2210].

25 For treatment as a separate species from C. spinicaudus see Marin (2000) [Marin, 2000 #2492]; thus treated here as allospecies.

26 Includes aethalea and latirostris Zimmer & Phelps, 1952 [Zimmer, 1952 #4317]; see Marin (2000) [Marin, 2000 #2492].

27 Correct original spelling. Invariable; noun phrase in apposition.

28 Considered by Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] and Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686] to form a superspecies with C. cinereiventris and C. egregia, but relationships among the three uncertain, the latter two may be sympatric.

29 Includes pachiteae Meise, 1964 [Meise, 1964 #2650]; see Marin (2000) [Marin, 2000 #2492]. Formerly considered conspecific with C. cinereiventris but see Pinto & Camargo (1954) [Pinto, 1954 #13807].

30 For treatment as a subspecies of C. vauxi see Sutton (1941) [Sutton, 1941 #3786].

31 For recognition see Binford (1989) [Binford, 1989 #303].

32 For treatment as a subspecies of C. vauxi see Sutton (1941) [Sutton, 1941 #3786].

33 Includes aphanes Wetmore & Phelps, Jr., 1956 [Wetmore, 1956 #4140]; see Marín (1997) [Marín, 1997 #2491] and Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

34 Considered to form a superspecies with C. vauxi and C. chapmani (then also including C. viridipennis) by Mayr & Short (1970) [Mayr, 1970 #2566].

35 For treatment as a separate species from C. chapmani see Marin (1997) [Marin, 1997 #2491]; thus we treat them as allospecies.

36 For treatment as a separate species from C. andrei see Marin (1997) [Marin, 1997 #2491].

37 Treated as a separate species by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

38 For recognition see Zimmer (1953) [Zimmer, 1953 #4319].

39 The subspecies formosana was transferred to H. cochinchinensis by Mees (1973) [Mees, 1973 #2617] and is now in its synonymy (Mees, 1977) [Mees, 1977 #2622].

40 Includes bourreti David-Beaulieu, 1944 [David-Beaulieu, 1944 #1126]; see Dickinson (1970) [Dickinson, 1970 #1357].

41 Includes ernsti, formosana and rupchandi Biswas, 1951 [Biswas, 1951 #313]; see Mees (1973, 1977) [Mees, 1973 #2617] [Mees, 1977 #2622].

42 For treatment as a species see Collins & Brooke (1976) [Collins, 1976 #6018] and Mees (1985) [Mees, 1985 #4410].

43 Includes dubia and manobo Salomonsen, 1953 [Salomonsen, 1953 #3451]; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

44 Conservative treatment in the retention of Hydrochous, Collocalia and Aerodramus reflects concerns in this difficult group about lack of detail regarding exact geographic origin of specimens screened in molecular studies and inherent problems of original identification reflected in old names retained museum on labels.

45 Species sequence based on Price et al. (2005) [Price, 2005 #10026]. Clayton & Johnson (2000) [Clayton, 2000 #986] showed that troglodytes echolocates and thus the two clades in Price et al. (2005) are not separable by whether taxa echolocate or not, i.e. Aerodramus which do and Collocalia which supposedly do not.

46 Found to echolocate, see Price et al. (2004) [Price, 2004 #3131], but faintly glossed and probably best retained in the genus Collocalia; rather than putting with the grey swiftlets Aerodramus.

47 For treatment as a separate species from C. esculenta see Somadikarta (1986) [Somadikarta, 1986 #3679], Price et al. (2004) [Price, 2004 #3131], and Thomassen et al. (2005) [Thomassen, 2005 #10092].

48 Includes plesseni Meise, 1941 [Meise, 1941 #2648]; see Somadikarta (1986) [Somadikarta, 1986 #3679].

49 Somadikarta (1986) [Somadikarta, 1986 #3679] thought birds from Penida (type not then traced) to be nominate linchi. However, Penida lies between Bali and Lombok, and the proposed distribution is unlikely; we omit Nusa Penida from the range statements, and we suspect that plesseni will take priority over dedii.

50 May merit treatment as separate species (Moyle et al. 2008) [Moyle, 2008 #10689] but recognition deferred pending assessment of relatedness of other forms in the esculenta + linchi complex.

51 Breeding sites not yet known to Cranbrook et al. (2005) [Cranbrook, 2005 #6036].

52 Probably consists of multiple species (Clayton & Johnson 2000) [Clayton, 2000 #986], Price et al. (2004, 2005) [Price, 2004 #3131] [Price, 2005 #10026], Thomassen et al. (2005) [Thomassen, 2005 #10092] and Moyle et al. (2008) [Moyle, 2008 #10689], but many taxa not yet sampled. Subspecies groups reflect treatment of Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

53 Insufficient evidence has been proposed to warrant assigning this taxon to C. linchi; see Christidis & Boles (2008) [Christidis, 2008 #11602].

54 Correct original spelling. Spelling isonata in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

55 Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636] treated Philippine birds as C. marginata; but see Dickinson (1990) [Dickinson, 1990 #1360]. Clayton & Johnson (2000) [Clayton, 2000 #986] found significant differences between two Philippine populations (marginata and bagobo) but for these to be assessed far more subspecies of esculenta need to be screened to derive limits to any species that are to be split.

56 Includes mindanensis Hachisuka, 1941 [Hachisuka, 1941 #1858]; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

57 Includes nubila Ripley, 1959 [Ripley, 1959 #3308]; see Mees (1965) [Mees, 1965 #2608].

58 Includes kalili Salomonsen, 1983 [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457] as heinrothi is a prior name from within the same West Bismarck range.

59 Includes hypogrammica Salomonsen, 1983 [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]; see Mayr & Diamond (2001) [Mayr, 2001 #10562] who, as First Revisers, chose spilogaster as senior (Art. 24.2.2, I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

60 For suggested placement in Hydrochous see Price et al. (2005) [Price, 2005 #10026], but see also Thomassen et al. (2005) [Thomassen, 2005 #10092].

61 Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010] included orientalis which was revised by Salomonsen (1983) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457]. Very widely misidentified until recently; the identity and distribution of Philippine forms claimed to be this species were reviewed by Dickinson (1989) [Dickinson, 1989 #1359].

62 For treatment as a separate species from C. whiteheadi; see Salomonsen (1983) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457].

63 May consist of more than one species (Rheindt & Hutchinson 2007) [Rheindt, 2007 #10835].

64 The date 1922 used by Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010] was a typographical error.

65 For treatment as a separate species from A. spodiopygius see Lee et al. (1996) [Lee, 1996 #10224] and Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

66 Includes inopina and pellos; see Deignan (1955) [Deignan, 1955 #1231], but note subsequent reservations, e.g. by Medway (1966) [Medway, 1966 #2596].

67 An enigmatic and unresolved form (or forms); see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118].

68 Breeding records from Sumatra have been discrediteded (Wells, 1975) [Wells, 1975 #4115], and the purported Philippine subspecies detached (Dickinson, 1989) [Dickinson, 1989 #1359]; thus this taxon may be a separate species, see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

69 For circumscription and use in place of the name lowi, see Deignan (1955) [Deignan, 1955 #1233].

70 A report by Medway (1962) [Medway, 1962 #2595] that both brevirostris and maximus specimens are known from Bhutan and S Tibet was contradicted by Grimmett et al. (1998) [Grimmett, 1998 #1822].

71 For treatment as a separate species from A. leucophaeus see Somadikarta (1994) [Somadikarta, 1994 #3680]; not followed by Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

72 For separation from A. vanikorensis see Price et al. (2004, 2005) [Price, 2004 #3131] [Price, 2005 #10026].

73 Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010] treated this in the 'species' lowi; for assignment to vanikorensis see Dickinson (1989) [Dickinson, 1989 #1359].

74 Circumscription follows Salomonsen (1983) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457] wherein the name yorki is senior to granti Mayr, 1937.

75 For conflicting views on rank see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

76 Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010] treated this taxon as a subspecies of A. inexpectatus; Medway (1975) [Medway, 1975 #7073] treated it as a subspecies of A. vanikorensis, and from this it was split by Browning (1993) [Browning, 1993 #547].

77 For treatment as a separate species from A. vanikorensis see Browning (1993) [Browning, 1993 #547].

78 Includes apoensis; see Dickinson (1989) [Dickinson, 1989 #1359].

79 Price et al. (2004) [Price, 2004 #3131] suggested conspecificity with A. (v). palawanensis. This is contradicted by corroboration of affinity of amelis with palawanensis. See our Appendix 2.6.

80 For recognition of the new subspecies described by Salomonsen (1983) [Salomonsen, 1983 #3457] see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

81 For treatment as a separate species from A. brevirostris see Medway (1966) [Medway, 1966 #2596].

82 Classification broadly follows Medway (1966) [Medway, 1966 #2596].

83 Proximity of breeding colonies of this and vestitus in Borneo points to a need to separate this, reassessing other taxon assignments.

84 The citation in Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010] should be to vol. 13 of Ser. 6 not vol. 1 of Ser. 7.

85 Formerly treated as a subspecies of A. amelis, but see Medway (1966) [Medway, 1966 #2596].

86 Includes bartelsi and implicitly javensis; see Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

87 For the resurrection of this name and circumscription of the species see Medway (1961) [Medway, 1961 #7064].

88 Wells (1975) [Wells, 1975 #4115] reported Sumatran breeding using the name vanikorensis. No formal description has yet appeared and placement with natunae is provisional.

89 Sequence of genera based on Price et al. (2005) [Price, 2005 #10026], Thomassen et al. (2005) [Thomassen, 2005 #10092] and Päckert et al. (2012) [Päckert, 2012 #13809].

90 Includes sclateri Rogers, 1939 [Rogers, 1939 #3370]; see Behle (1973) [Behle, 1973 #13808].

91 Dual original spellings; see David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

92 Placed in a monotypic genus Micropanyptila by Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010], but see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

93 Placed in genus Reinarda by Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010], but see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

94 Chantler (1999) implicitly included orientalis Pinto & de Camargo, 1961 [Pinto, 1961 #3088] in nominate squamata, but this taxon may have been overlooked and needs evaluation.

95 Dual original spellings; see David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

96 Includes veraecrucis R.T. Moore, 1947 [Moore, 1947 #2718], considered questionable by Hardy & Webber (1975) [Hardy, 1975 #14275] and Chantler (1999) [Chantler, 1999 #686].

97 For recognition see Clancey (1983) [Clancey, 1983 #918].

98 Spelling corrected by Medway (1976) [Medway, 1976 #2597].

99 For continued recognition see Päckert et al. (2012) [Päckert, 2012 #13809], but see also Thomassen et al. (2005) [Thomassen, 2005 #10092].

100 Includes obscurus Trischitta, 1939 [Trischitta, 1939 #3879]; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

101 Includes striatus; see Mackworth-Praed & Grant (1957) [Mackworth-Praed, 1957 #2465].

102 For recognition see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

103 For recognition see Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749].

104 For recognition see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191] and Louette (1981) [Louette, 1981 #13691]. But see also Chantler (1995) [Chantler, 1995 #685].

105 Includes schubotzi and reichenowi; see Brooke (1971) [Brooke, 1971 #14184].

106 Leader (2011) [Leader, 2011 #13222] proposed treating A. pacificus as multiple species; this is the strongest candidate for removal but clusters with A. acuticauda, see Päckert et al. (2012) [Päckert, 2012 #13809] and pending further study is best treated within that species.

107 Includes rupchandi Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

108 Correct original spelling. Invariable; noun phrase in apposition.

109 Peters (1940) [Peters, 1940 #3010] attributed this name to Blyth, but it was published earlier by Jerdon (Ripley 1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

110 For proposed splits see Leader (2011) [Leader, 2011 #13222].

111 For recognition see Leader (2011) [Leader, 2011 #13222].

112 Includes shiraii Mishima, 1960 [Mishima, 1960 #2693]; see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

113 See Leader (2011) [Leader, 2011 #13222] for suggested use of earlier name kurodae, but type could represent nominate pacificus.

114 Treated as monotypic following Brooke (1964) [Brooke, 1964 #14185], thus including streubelii and ansorgei.

115 The name toulsoni may refer to a local colour morph (Brooke, 1971) [Brooke, 1971 #505].

116 Treated as a separate species from A. affinis by Brooke (1971) [Brooke, 1971 #504] and tentatively retained although evidence not wholly conclusive. For treatment within a broad species see Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749].

117 Mees (2006) [Mees, 2006 #7094] reported breeding in Sulawesi; the identity of this population awaits confirmation.

118 For correct date see Dickinson & Pittie (2006) [Dickinson, 2006 #9467].

119 The name abessynicus Streubel, 1848 [Streubel, 1848 #3771] has been suppressed; see Opinion 1011 (I.C.Z.N., 1974) [I.C.Z.N., 1974 #9449].

120 Includes gyrator Clancey, 1980 [Clancey, 1980 #904]; see Chantler & Driessens (1995) [Chantler, 1995 #685].

121 Includes kapnodes Friedmann, 1964 [Friedmann, 1964 #1610]; see White (1967) [White, 1967 #4192].

122 Perhaps conspecific with A. barbatus; see Päckert et al. (2012) [Päckert, 2012 #13809]; however, identification of sampled specimens requires confirmation.

123 For recognition see Louw in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

124 For correct date see date de dêpot légal (Dickinson et al. 2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287].