H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics

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PICIDAE - Wrynecks, Piculets and Woodpeckers¹ (33:218)

JYNGINAE

JYNX Linnaeus, 1758 F - Jynx torquilla Linnaeus, 1758; type by monotypy

Jynx torquilla Northern Wryneck/Eurasian Wryneck

torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 iEurope south to Alps, Bulgaria, Caucasus area >> sub-Saharan Africa

sarudnyi von Loudon, 1912 iW Siberia (east to R. Yenisey) >> NE Africa, SW and S Asia

chinensis Hesse, 1911 vE Siberia, N Korea, NE and NC China >> S China, mainland SE Asia to (rarely) C Thai-Malay Pen.

japonica Bonaparte, 1850² vSakhalin, S Kuril Is., Hokkaido and N Honshu >> S Japan

himalayana Vaurie, 1959 vFoothills of W Himalayas (N Pakistan to Kashmir), S Xizang [Vaurie, 1959 #3960]

tschusii O. Kleinschmidt, 1907 iIberia (?), Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, Croatia to Greece (?)

mauretanica Rothschild, 1909 vNW Africa

Jynx ruficollis Rufous-breasted Wryneck

pulchricollis Hartlaub, 1884 vW DR Congo to W South Sudan and W Uganda

aequatorialis Rüppell, 1842 vEthiopia

ruficollis Wagler, 1830³ vKenya to Angola and E South Africa

thorbeckei Reichenow, 1912⁴ Cameroon

PICUMNINAE

VERREAUXIA Hartlaub, 1857 F - Sasia africana J. & E. Verreaux, 1855; type by original designation and monotypy ⁵

Verreauxia africana (J. & E. Verreaux, 1855) African Piculet

vSierra Leone to Ghana; Nigeria to C DR Congo, Gabon and NW Angola

SASIA Hodgson, 1837 F - Sasia ochracea Hodgson, 1837; type by original designation and monotypy

Sasia abnormis Rufous Piculet

abnormis (Temminck, 1825) vThai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas

magnirostris E. Hartert, 1901 vNias I. (off W Sumatra)

Sasia ochracea White-browed Piculet

ochracea Hodgson, 1837 αvHimalayan foothills (east from Uttarakhand), SE Xizang, N continental SE Asia

reichenowi Hesse, 1911⁶ iNE India, Bangladesh, W and S Yunnan, W and S continental SE Asia

kinneari Stresemann, 1929 iSE China, N Vietnam

PICUMNUS Temminck, 1825 M - Picumnus minutissimus Temminck, 1825; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 54). = Picumnus buffoni Lafresnaye, 1845 ^7,8

Picumnus innominatus Speckled Piculet

innominatus E. Burton, 1836⁹ vNE Afghanistan, Himalayan foothills (east from N Pakistan), NE India, SE Xizang

malayorum E. Hartert, 1912¹⁰ iS and E India, Bangladesh, SW Yunnan, mountains of mainland SE Asia, Sumatra and Borneo

chinensis (Hargitt, 1881) vS and C China

Picumnus aurifrons Bar-breasted Piculet

flavifrons Hargitt, 1889 iNE Peru (Loreto, east of R. Ucayali), W Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, east to lower R. Tefé)

juruanus Gyldenstolpe, 1941 vE Peru (Ucayali), W Amazonian Brazil (upper R. Juruá), N Bolivia (Pando, N La Paz, NW Beni)

purusianus Todd, 1946 vSW Amazonian Brazil (upper R. Purus)

wallacii Hargitt, 1889 iC Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, middle and lower R. Purus to lower R. Madeira)

borbae von Pelzeln, 1870¹¹ iC Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, lower R. Madeira to lower R. Tapajós)

aurifrons von Pelzeln, 1870 iSC Amazonian Brazil (upper R. Madeira to upper R. Tapajós), NE Bolivia (N Santa Cruz, ?E Beni)

transfasciatus Hellmayr & Gyldenstolpe, 1937 vE Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, R. Tapajós to R. Tocantins)

Picumnus pumilus ¹² Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863 Orinoco Piculet

vE Colombia (Vichada to Vaupés), NW Brazil (NW Amazonas), SW Venezuela (SW Amazonas)

Picumnus lafresnayi^13,14 Lafresnaye's Piculet

lafresnayi Malherbe, 1862 iLowlands and E Andean foothills of SC Colombia and E Ecuador to N Peru (W Loreto, N San Martín)

punctifrons Taczanowski, 1886 iE Andean foothills of N Peru (SE Amazonas)

taczanowskii Domaniewski, 1925 iE Andean foothills of C Peru (Huánuco to NE Ayacucho)

pusillus O.M. de O. Pinto, 1936 vWC Amazonian Brazil (along R. Amazon, Codajás to R. Negro)

Picumnus exilis Golden-spangled Piculet

salvini Hargitt, 1893¹⁵ iNE Venezuela (SE Sucre to C Delta Amacuro)

clarus J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1946 vE Venezuela (S Delta Amacuro, E Bolívar)

undulatus Hargitt, 1889 vC and S Venezuela (Amazonas, W Bolívar), W Guyana, N Brazil (N Roraima)

buffonii Lafresnaye, 1845¹⁶ δiSurinam, French Guiana, N Brazil (Amapá)

pernambucensis J.T. Zimmer, 1947 vCoastal NE Brazil (E Pernambuco, Alagoas) [Zimmer, 1947 #4302]

alegriae Hellmayr, 1929 iNE Brazil (NE Pará, NW Maranhão)

exilis (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) vCoastal E Brazil (E Bahia to Espírito Santo)

Picumnus sclateri Ecuadorian Piculet

parvistriatus Chapman, 1921 vW Ecuador (C Manabí to Guayas)

sclateri Taczanowski, 1877 iSW Ecuador (El Oro, Loja) and NW Peru (Tumbes)

porcullae J. Bond, 1954 iNW Peru (N and E Piura, NE Lambayeque) [Bond, 1954 #431]

Picumnus squamulatus Scaled Piculet

roehli J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1944 iN Colombia (Cesar, Norte de Santander), N Venezuela (NE Zulia to W Sucre and Monagas)

lovejoyi W.H. Phelps, Jr. & Aveledo, 1987¹⁷ iN Colombia (NE Magdalena), NW Venezuela (NW Zulia) [Phelps, 1987 #3054]

apurensis W.H. Phelps, Jr. & Aveledo, 1987 vW and NC Venezuela (SW Apure to Guárico and Anzoátegui) [Phelps, 1987 #3054]

obsoletus J.A. Allen, 1892¹⁸ vNE Venezuela (NE Sucre)

squamulatus Lafresnaye, 1854 vNE and EC Colombia (Arauca to Meta)

Picumnus spilogaster¹⁹ White-bellied Piculet

orinocensis J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1950 vC and E Venezuela (along R. Orinoco from SE Apure to Delta Amacuro) [Zimmer, 1950 #4313]

spilogaster Sundevall, 1866²⁰ iNorth parts of the Guianas; N Brazil (along R. Branco in Roraima)

pallidus E. Snethlage, 1924²¹ vNE Amazonian Brazil (NE Pará)

Picumnus minutissimus (Pallas, 1782) Arrowhead Piculet

vN parts of the Guianas

Picumnus pygmaeus ²² (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) Spotted Piculet

vNE and E Brazil (Maranhão and W Ceará to W Pernambuco, NE Goiás and N Minas Gerais)

Picumnus steindachneri Taczanowski, 1882 Speckle-chested Piculet

iAndes of N Peru (SE Amazonas, NW San Martín)

Picumnus varzeae E. Snethlage, 1912 Varzea Piculet

iNC Amazonian Brazil (along R. Amazon, R. Madeira to R. Tapajós)

Picumnus cirratus^23,24 White-barred Piculet

1 confusus Kinnear, 1927 vN Brazil (NE Roraima), SW Guyana; coastal French Guiana

1 macconnelli Sharpe, 1901 iNE Amazonian Brazil (R. Tapajós to SE Amapá and NE Pará)

2 thamnophiloides J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 iAndes of S Bolivia (Chuquisaca) to NW Argentina (W Salta)

2 tucumanus E. Hartert, 1909 vNW Argentina (C Salta to E La Rioja)

2 pilcomayensis Hargitt, 1891 vSE Bolivia (S Santa Cruz) and W Paraguay to NC Argentina (Santiago del Estero, N Buenos Aires)

2 cirratus Temminck, 1825 vSE and S Brazil (SE Bahia to Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná), E Paraguay

Picumnus dorbignyanus²⁵ Ocellated Piculet

jelskii Taczanowski, 1882 iE slope of Andes of SC Peru (S Huánuco to Cuzco)

dorbignyanus Lafresnaye, 1845²⁶ δvAndes of N Bolivia (La Paz) to NW Argentina (Salta)

Picumnus temminckii Lafresnaye, 1845 Ochre-collared Piculet

iSE Brazil (São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Picumnus albosquamatus White-wedged Piculet

albosquamatus d'Orbigny, 1840 vNC and E Bolivia (La Paz to Santa Cruz)

guttifer Sundevall, 1866²⁷ iC and S Brazil (SE Pará and S Maranhão to Mato Grosso do Sul and W São Paulo)

Picumnus fuscus ²⁸ von Pelzeln, 1870 Rusty-necked Piculet

vR. Guaporé drainage in NE Bolivia (N Beni, N Santa Cruz) and SW Brazil (S Rondônia, SW Mato Grosso)

Picumnus rufiventris Rufous-breasted Piculet

rufiventris (Bonaparte, 1838) vSC Colombia, E Ecuador, NE Peru, W Brazil (SW Amazonas)

grandis Carriker, 1930 vE Peru, W Brazil (Acre)

brunneifrons Stager, 1968 iN and C Bolivia (Pando to N Cochabamba) [Stager, 1968 #3692]

Picumnus fulvescens ²⁹ Stager, 1961 Tawny Piculet

iNE Brazil (S Ceará to Paraíba and Alagoas) [Stager, 1961 #3691]

Picumnus limae E. Snethlage, 1924 Ochraceous Piculet

iNE Brazil (N Ceará)

Picumnus nebulosus Sundevall, 1866 Mottled Piculet

vSE Brazil (Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina (Misiones, NE Corrientes), C and E Uruguay

Picumnus castelnau Malherbe, 1862 Plain-breasted Piculet

iSE Colombia (along R. Amazon in SE Amazonas), NE and E Peru (along R. Amazon and R. Ucayali)³⁰

Picumnus subtilis Stager, 1968 Fine-barred Piculet

vFoothills of SE Peru (N and E Cuzco, W Madre de Dios, NW Puno), W Brazil (Acre) [Stager, 1968 #3693]

Picumnus olivaceus³¹ Olivaceous Piculet

dimotus Bangs, 1903 vCaribbean slope of NE Guatemala to E Nicaragua

flavotinctus Ridgway, 1889³² vSW Costa Rica to WC Panama (Azuero Pen.); EC Panama (C Panamá) to extreme NW Colombia (N Chocó)

olivaceus Lafresnaye, 1845³³ vNC Colombia (Córdoba to Bolívar, then south in C Andes and on W slope of E Andes)

eisenmanni W.H. Phelps, Jr. & Aveledo, 1966³⁴ iSierra de Perijá (Colombian-Venezuelan border) [Phelps, 1966 #3048]

tachirensis W.H. Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard, 1941 vAndes of SW Venezuela (Táchira), E slope of E Andes of NE Colombia (Norte de Santander)

harterti Hellmayr, 1909 iSW Colombia (SW Nariño) to NW Peru (Tumbes)

Picumnus granadensis Grayish Piculet

antioquensis Chapman, 1915³⁵ vW Andes of Colombia (south to Chocó)

granadensis Lafresnaye, 1847 vWC Colombia (middle and upper Cauca valley, upper Dagua valley)

Picumnus cinnamomeus Chestnut Piculet

cinnamomeus Wagler, 1829 vN Colombia (Atlántico to Guajira, south to NE Antioquia and C Cesar)

persaturatus Haffer, 1961 vNW Colombia (Serranía de San Jacinto in NW Bolívar) [Haffer, 1961 #1868]

perijanus J.T. Zimmer & W.H. Phelps, Sr., 1944 vNW Venezuela (N Zulia)

larensis Aveledo, 1998³⁶ vNW Venezuela (NW Lara, W and C Falcón) [Aveledo, 1998 #120]

venezuelensis Cory, 1913 vW Venezuela (S Zulia to W Trujillo)

PICINAE - Tribe NESOCTITINI

NESOCTITES Hargitt, 1890 M - Picumnus micromegas Sundevall, 1866; type by original designation and monotypy

Nesoctites micromegas Antillean Piculet

micromegas (Sundevall, 1866) iHispaniola

abbotti Wetmore, 1928 iIle de la Gonâve (off W Hispaniola)

PICINAE³⁷ - Tribe HEMICIRCINI³⁷

HEMICIRCUS Swainson, 1837 M - Picus concretus Temminck, 1821; type by monotypy

Hemicircus concretus Grey-and-buff Woodpecker

sordidus (Eyton, 1845)³⁸ vExtreme SW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra (including Mentawai Is. and Bangka I.), Borneo

concretus (Temminck, 1821) vW and C Java

Hemicircus canente ³⁹ (Lesson, 1832) Heart-spotted Woodpeckerα

iW, E and NE India, Bangladesh, continental SE Asia (except extreme NW and NE), N Thai-Malay Pen.

PICINAE⁴⁰ - Tribe PICINI⁴⁰

GEOCOLAPTES Swainson, 1832 M - Picus terrestris Burchell, 1824; type by original designation and monotypy = Picus olivaceus J.F. Gmelin, 1788

Geocolaptes olivaceus ⁴¹ (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) Ground Woodpecker

vW, S and E South Africa (north to Mpumalanga), Lesotho

CAMPETHERA G.R. Gray, 1841 F - Dendromus brachyrhynchus Swainson, 1837; type by original designation = Picus maculosus Valenciennes, 1826

Campethera punctuligera Fine-spotted Woodpecker

punctuligera (Wagler, 1827)⁴² vSenegal to Nigeria and Central African Republic

balia (von Heuglin, 1871) vS Chad, S Sudan, N DR Congo

Campethera bennettii Bennett's Woodpecker

1 bennettii (A. Smith, 1836)⁴³ iW Tanzania, SE DR Congo and N Angola to NW Malawi, Zimbabwe, S Mozambique, N and NE South Africa

1 capricorni Strickland, 1853⁴⁴ iS Angola, N Namibia to N Botswana, SW Zambia

2 scriptoricauda (Reichenow, 1896)^45,46 iC and E Tanzania, N Mozambique, C and SE Malawi

Campethera nubica⁴⁷ Nubian Woodpecker

nubica (Boddaert, 1783) vSudan, Ethiopia, N Somalia to Uganda, Kenya (except coast), N and C Tanzania

pallida (Sharpe, 1902) vS Somalia, coastal Kenya

Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed Woodpecker

chrysura (Swainson, 1837)⁴⁸ vGambia to Central African Republic, S South Sudan, NE DR Congo and W Uganda

kavirondensis van Someren, 1926 vSW Kenya to C Tanzania

suahelica (Reichenow, 1902)⁴⁹ vS Tanzania to E Zimbabwe, Mozambique, NE South Africa

abingoni (A. Smith, 1836)⁵⁰ iAngola (except SW), SE DR Congo and W Tanzania to NE Namibia, Botswana (except SW) and N South Africa

anderssoni (Roberts, 1936) iSW Angola, Namibia (except NE), SW Botswana, NW South Africa

constricta Clancey, 1965 vSwaziland, KwaZulu-Natal [Clancey, 1965 #823]

Campethera mombassica ⁵¹ (G.A. Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) Mombasa Woodpecker

vS Somalia, coastal Kenya, NE Tanzania

Campethera notata ^52,53 (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) Knysna Woodpecker

vS KwaZulu-Natal to S Western Cape

Campethera cailliautii Green-backed Woodpecker

permista (Reichenow, 1876)⁵⁴ vE Ghana to S Central African Republic, SW Ethiopia and SW Uganda, south to C DR Congo and NW Angola

nyansae (Neumann, 1900)⁵⁵ iSW Kenya, W Tanzania to E DR Congo, NE Angola and N Zambia

cailliautii (Malherbe, 1849) iS Somalia to NE Tanzania

loveridgei E. Hartert, 1920⁵⁶ iEC Tanzania to Mozambique

Campethera maculosa ⁵⁷ (Valenciennes, 1826) Little Green Woodpecker

vGuinea to W Ghana

Campethera tullbergi Tullberg's Woodpecker

tullbergi Sjöstedt, 1892^58,59 iSE Nigeria, W Cameroon, Bioko

taeniolaema Reichenow & Neumann, 1895⁶⁰ W Kenya, W Uganda to E DR Congo

hausburgi Sharpe, 1900 iE and C Kenya

Campethera nivosa Buff-spotted Woodpecker

nivosa (Swainson, 1837)⁶¹ vSenegal to W DR Congo, N Angola

poensis Alexander, 1903 vBioko

herberti (Alexander, 1908)⁶² iN, C and E DR Congo, Uganda, W Kenya

Campethera caroli Brown-eared Woodpecker

arizela (Oberholser, 1899) vSierra Leone to SW Ghana

caroli (Malherbe, 1852)⁶³ iS Nigeria, Cameroon to W Kenya, S DR Congo, NW Zambia, NW Angola

DINOPIUM Rafinesque, 1814 N - Dinopium (Picoides) erythronotus Rafinesque, 1814; type by monotypy = Picus javanensis Ljungh, 1797

Dinopium rafflesii Olive-backed Woodpecker

rafflesii (Vigors, 1830)^64,65 iSW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka I. (off SE Sumatra)

dulitense Delacour, 1946 vBorneo

Dinopium shorii Himalayan Flame-backed Woodpecker

shorii (Vigors, 1831) αiHimachal Pradesh to Bhutan, E India (E Ghats), Bangladesh

anguste Ripley, 1950 αiMyanmar (except Tenasserim) [Ripley, 1950 #3300]

Dinopium javanense Common Flame-backed Woodpecker

malabaricum Whistler , 1934⁶⁶ vSW India

intermedium (Blyth, 1845) vS and SE Bangladesh, SW Yunnan, continental SE Asia (except N Myanmar)

javanense (Ljungh, 1797) vThai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java

exsul (E. Hartert, 1901) iBali

borneonense (A.J.C. Dubois, 1897)⁶⁷ vBorneo

everetti (Tweeddale, 1878) iPalawan Group (Philippines)

Dinopium benghalense Black-rumped Woodpecker

benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758) vNC and C India (east to W Assam)

dilutum (Blyth, 1852)⁶⁸ αvPakistan to NW India

tehminae (Whistler & Kinnear, 1934)⁶⁹ iSW India

puncticolle (Malherbe, 1845) vSE India

jaffnense (Whistler, 1944)⁷⁰ vN Sri Lanka

psarodes (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793)⁷¹ iC and S Sri Lanka [Lichtenstein, 1793 #2382]

GECINULUS Blyth, 1845 M - Picus grantia Horsfield, 1840; type by monotypy

Gecinulus grantia Pale-headed Woodpecker

grantia (Horsfield, 1840)^72,73 iFoothills of E Himalayas (west to E Nepal), NE India, W, N and C Myanmar

indochinensis Delacour, 1927 vW and S Yunnan, NW Thailand, E continental SE Asia

viridanus H.H. Slater, 1897 vSE China

Gecinulus viridis ^74,75 Blyth, 1862 Bamboo Woodpecker

vS Myanmar, N Laos, S Vietnam and Thailand (except C) south to W of southern Thai-Malay Pen.

MICROPTERNUS Blyth, 1845 M - Picus badius Raffles, 1822; type by original designation ⁷⁶

Micropternus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker

jerdonii (Malherbe, 1849)⁷⁷ iW and SW India, Sri Lanka

humei Kloss, 1918 iFoothills of W Himalayas (Uttarakhand)

phaioceps (Blyth, 1845) iFoothills of E Himalayas (west to W Nepal), NE India, Bangladesh, W and S Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand (except S and SW)

annamensis Delacour & Jabouille, 1924 vLaos, Cambodia, C and S Vietnam

fokiensis (Swinhoe, 1863) vSE China, NE Vietnam

holroydi Swinhoe, 1870 iHainan

williamsoni Kloss, 1918⁷⁸ iS and SW Thailand

badius (Raffles, 1822)^79,80 vThai-Malay Pen., Sumatra and satellites (Nias I., Bangka I., Belitung I.)

brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818) vJava

badiosus (Bonaparte, 1850) vN Natuna Is. (Indonesia), Borneo

MEIGLYPTES Swainson, 1837 M - Picus poicilophus Temminck, 1823; type by monotypy = Picus tristis Horsfield, 1821

Meiglyptes tristis Buff-rumped Woodpecker

grammithorax (Malherbe, 1862)⁸¹ iExtreme SW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra and satellites (Nias I., Bangka I.), N Natuna Is. (Indonesia), Borneo

tristis (Horsfield, 1821) vJava

Meiglyptes jugularis (Blyth, 1845) Black-and-buff Woodpecker

vContinental SE Asia (except NW and N Myanmar)

Meiglyptes tukki Buff-necked Woodpecker

tukki (Lesson, 1839)⁸² iExtreme SW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra (including Banyak I., Belitung I.), N Natuna Is. (Indonesia), Borneo (except S)

pulonis Chasen & Kloss, 1929 iBanggi I. (off N Borneo)

percnerpes Oberholser, 1924 iS Borneo

infuscatus Salvadori, 1887 vNias I. (off W Sumatra)

batu Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940 iBatu Is. (off W Sumatra)

CHRYSOPHLEGMA Gould, 1850 N - Picus flavinucha Gould, 1834; type by monotypy ⁸³

Chrysophlegma miniaceum Banded Woodpecker

perlutum (Kloss, 1918) vSW continental SE Asia

malaccense (Latham, 1790)⁸⁴ vThai-Malay Pen., Sumatra and SE satellites (Bangka I., Belitung I.), Borneo

niasense Büttikofer, 1896 αvNias I. (off W Sumatra)

miniaceum (Pennant, 1769)⁸⁵ δvJava

Chrysophlegma mentale Chequer-throated Woodpecker

humii Hargitt, 1889⁸⁶ iS Myanmar (S Tenasserim), Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka I. (off SE Sumatra), Borneo

mentale (Temminck, 1826)⁸⁷ αvJava

Chrysophlegma flavinucha Greater Yellow-naped Woodpecker

kumaonense Koelz, 1950⁸⁸ vFoothills of W Himalayas (Uttarakhand and ?W Nepal) [Koelz, 1950 #2245]

flavinucha (Gould, 1834)⁸⁹ iFoothills of E Himalayas (west to C Nepal), NE India, Bangladesh, W and S Yunnan, Myanmar (except E); Thailand (except SE), Laos, and NW and C Vietnam

ricketti Styan, 1898 iC Fujian

styani Ogilvie-Grant, 1899 iS Guangxi, Hainan, NE Vietnam

pierrei (Oustalet, 1889) iSE Thailand, Cambodia and S Vietnam

wrayi Sharpe, 1888 iMountains of S Thai-Malay Pen.

mystacale Salvadori, 1879 vMountains of N and C Sumatra

korinchi Chasen, 1940 iMountains of S Sumatra

PICUS Linnaeus, 1758 M - Picus viridis Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (Swainson, 1820, Zoological Illustrations, 1, pl. 4 and text). ⁹⁰

Picus puniceus Crimson-winged Woodpecker

observandus (E. Hartert, 1896)⁹¹ vSW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka I. (off SE Sumatra), Borneo

soligae Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940 iNias I. (off W Sumatra)

puniceus Horsfield, 1821 vJava

Picus chlorolophus Lesser Yellow-naped Woodpecker

1 simlae R. Meinertzhagen, 1924 iFoothills of W Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh to EC Nepal)

1 chlorolophus Vieillot, 1818⁹² vFoothills of E Himalayas (west to EC Nepal), NE India, E Bangladesh, SW Yunnan, Guangxi, Myanmar, W and N Thailand and N Laos

2 chlorigaster Jerdon, 1845 αiC and S India

2 wellsi R. Meinertzhagen, 1924 iSri Lanka

3 citrinocristatus (Rickett, 1901) vFujian (to N Vietnam?)

3 longipennis (E. Hartert, 1910) vHainan

1 annamensis R. Meinertzhagen, 1924⁹³ vE and SE Thailand, S Laos, C and S Vietnam

4 rodgeri (E. Hartert & A.L. Butler, 1898) iMountains of S Thai-Malay Pen.

4 vanheysti (Robinson & Kloss, 1919) iMountains of Sumatra

Picus awokera Japanese Woodpecker

awokera Temminck, 1836⁹⁴ αiHonshu (Japan)

horii Taka-Tsukasa, 1918 iKyushu, Shikoku (Japan)

takatsukasae N. Kuroda, Sr., 1921⁹⁵ iTanega-shima, Yaku-shima (Osumi Is.)

Picus rabieri (Oustalet, 1898) Red-collared Woodpecker

iLaos, NW and C Vietnam

Picus xanthopygaeus ⁹⁶ (J.E. & G.R. Gray, 1846) Streak-throated Woodpecker

vHimalayas (east from Himachal Pradesh), India and Sri Lanka, W Yunnan, Myanmar (except N), N Thailand, S continental SE Asia

Picus vittatus ⁹⁷ Vieillot, 1818 Laced Woodpecker

vE Myanmar and SW Yunnan south through continental SE Asia and Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kangean Is.

Picus viridanus ^98,99 Blyth, 1843 Streak-breasted Woodpecker

vSW Bangladesh, WC and SW continental SE Asia south to WC Thai-Malay Pen.

Picus canus Grey-headed Woodpecker

1 canus J.F. Gmelin, 1788¹⁰⁰ vN and C Europe to Turkey and C Siberia

1 jessoensis Stejneger, 1886¹⁰¹ vTarbagatay Mts., Altai Mts. and N Mongolia to Sakhalin, Hokkaido and NE China

1 griseoviridis (A.H. Clark, 1907)¹⁰² vKorea

2 kogo (Bianchi, 1906) iE Qinghai, Gansu, W Sichuan

2 guerini (Malherbe, 1849)¹⁰³ iE China (C Sichuan and Shaanxi to Shandong and Zhejiang)

2 sobrinus J.L. Peters, 1948 iSE China, NE Vietnam

2 tancolo (Gould, 1863)¹⁰⁴ αiTaiwan, Hainan

2 sanguiniceps E.C.S. Baker, 1926 iFoothills of W Himalayas (N Pakistan to W Nepal)

2 hessei Gyldenstolpe, 1916¹⁰⁵ iFoothills of E Himalayas (west to C Nepal), NE India, Bangladesh, continental SE Asia (except N and E Myanmar and N Vietnam)

2 sordidior (Rippon, 1906)¹⁰⁶ vSW Sichuan, Yunnan, E Myanmar

3 robinsoni (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) iMountains of S Thai-Malay Pen.

4 dedemi (van Oort, 1911) iMountains of Sumatra

Picus erythropygius Black-headed Woodpecker

nigrigenis (Hume, 1874) vW and SW continental SE Asia

erythropygius (Elliot, 1865) vSE continental SE Asia

Picus viridis¹⁰⁷ Green Woodpecker

viridis Linnaeus, 1758¹⁰⁸ vN and C Europe

sharpei (H. Saunders, 1872) iIberia

karelini von Brandt, 1841¹⁰⁹ iItaly to Bulgaria, Turkey, N Iran and SW Turkmenistan

innominatus (Sarudny & von Loudon, 1905)¹¹⁰ vSW and S Iran

Picus vaillantii (Malherbe, 1847) Levaillant's Woodpecker

iMorocco to Tunisia

Picus squamatus Scaly-bellied Woodpecker

flavirostris (Menzbier, 1886) vE Iran and S Turkmenistan to W Pakistan

squamatus Vigors, 1831 vW and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to Sikkim)

MULLERIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M - Picus pulverulentus Temminck, 1826; type by monotypy

Mulleripicus fulvus Ashy Woodpecker

fulvus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) vN Sulawesi and satellites

wallacei Tweeddale, 1877¹¹¹ iSulawesi (except N), Togian Is., Muna I., Buton I.

Mulleripicus funebris Sooty Woodpecker

funebris (Valenciennes, 1826)¹¹² vCatanduanes, Luzon, Marinduque, Polillo (Philippines)

fuliginosus Tweeddale, 1877 vSamar, Leyte, Mindanao (Philippines)

Mulleripicus pulverulentus Great Slaty Woodpecker

mohun Ripley, 1950 iHimalayan foothills (east from Himachal Pradesh) [Ripley, 1950 #3300]

harterti Hesse, 1911¹¹³ iNE India, E Bangladesh, continental SE Asia (except N Vietnam), N Thai-Malay Pen.

pulverulentus (Temminck, 1826) vC and S Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, N Natuna Is. (Indonesia), Borneo, and SW Philippines (Balabac, Palawan)

DRYOCOPUS Boie, 1826 M - Picus martius Linnaeus, 1758; type by monotypy

Dryocopus galeatus (Temminck, 1822) Helmeted Woodpecker

vSE Brazil (S São Paulo to Santa Catarina and NW Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Dryocopus pileatus¹¹⁴ Pileated Woodpecker

abieticola (Bangs, 1898)¹¹⁵ iS Canada, W, NC and NE USA (south to C California, N Idaho, Iowa and New Jersey)

pileatus (Linnaeus, 1758)¹¹⁶ vC and E USA (SE Kansas to Maryland, south to E Texas and Florida)

Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker

scapularis (Vigors, 1829)¹¹⁷ vPacific slope of W and SW Mexico (S Sonora to C Oaxaca)

similis (Lesson, 1847)¹¹⁸ vNE and S Mexico (SE Nuevo León, S Tamaulipas, Veracruz, SE Oaxaca) to NW Costa Rica

lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)¹¹⁹ vC Costa Rica to SW Colombia, N and E Bolivia, N Paraguay and S Brazil (São Paulo)

fuscipennis P.L. Sclater, 1860 vNW Ecuador (Esmeraldas) to NW Peru (Piura)

erythrops (Valenciennes, 1826)¹²⁰ iSE Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul) and E Paraguay to NE Argentina (Corrientes)

Dryocopus schulzii ^121,122 (Cabanis, 1882) Black-bodied Woodpecker

iSC Bolivia (SW Santa Cruz) and W Paraguay to NC Argentina (Chaco and N Córdoba) [Cabanis, 1882 #641]

Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker

hodgsonii (Jerdon, 1840) iW, SW, and EC India

richardsi Tristram, 1879 iC and S Korea

forresti Rothschild, 1922 iS Sichuan, W Yunnan, N Myanmar, (N Vietnam?)

feddeni (Blyth, 1863) iContinental SE Asia (except extreme N)

javensis (Horsfield, 1821)¹²³ vS Myanmar (S Tenasserim), Thai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas

parvus (Richmond, 1902) vSimeulue I. (off W Sumatra)

hargitti (Sharpe, 1884) iPalawan (Philippines)

esthloterus Parkes, 1971¹²⁴ vN Luzon (Philippines) [Parkes, 1971 #2925]

confusus (Stresemann, 1913) vC and S Luzon (Philippines)

pectoralis (Tweeddale, 1878)¹²⁵ vBohol, Leyte and Samar (Philippines)

multilunatus (McGregor, 1907) vBasilan, Dinagat and Mindanao (Philippines)

suluensis (W. Blasius, 1890) vSulu Arch.

philippinensis (Steere, 1890)¹²⁶ δvMasbate, Negros and Panay; formerly Guimaras (Philippines)

†? cebuensis Kennedy, 1987 vCebu (Philippines) [Kennedy, 1987 #2197]

mindorensis (Steere, 1890) vMindoro (Philippines)

Dryocopus hodgei ¹²⁷ (Blyth, 1860) Andaman Woodpecker

iAndamans

Dryocopus martius Black Woodpecker

martius (Linnaeus, 1758)¹²⁸ vW Europe and Caucasus area east to Kamchatka and Japan

khamensis (Buturlin, 1908) vSE and E fringes of Tibetan Plateau (W China)

CELEUS Boie, 1831 M - Picus flavescens J.F. Gmelin, 1788; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 55).

Celeus loricatus Cinnamon Woodpecker

diversus Ridgway, 1914 vCaribbean slope of SE Nicaragua to W Panama (Bocas del Toro)

mentalis Cassin, 1860 vC Panama (E Colón, Panamá) to NW Colombia (N Antioquia)

innotatus Todd, 1917¹²⁹ vNC Colombia (Córdoba to N Santander)

loricatus (Reichenbach, 1854) vNW Colombia (Chocó) to SW Ecuador (Guayas)

Celeus torquatus^130,131 Ringed Woodpecker

torquatus (Boddaert, 1783) vE Venezuela, the Guianas, N and NE Amazonian Brazil (west to R. Branco and R. Xingu)

occidentalis (Hargitt, 1889)¹³² vW and C Amazonia (east to R. Negro and R. Tapajós)

tinnunculus (Wagler, 1829) iCoastal E Brazil (SE Bahia, Espírito Santo)

Celeus flavus Cream-colored Woodpecker

flavus (Statius Muller, 1776)¹³³ vE Colombia, SW and NE Venezuela, the Guianas and Amazonia

subflavus P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1877 vCoastal E Brazil (Alagoas; Bahia, Espírito Santo)

Celeus spectabilis Rufous-headed Woodpecker

spectabilis P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1880 vE Ecuador, NC Peru (N and W Loreto, Amazonas)

exsul J. Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1941 iE Peru (Ucayali) and adjacent W Brazil (Acre) to C Bolivia (N Cochabamba)

Celeus obrieni ¹³⁴ Short, 1973 Kaempfer's Woodpecker

Locally in EC Brazil (S Maranhão, W Piauí, Tocantins, Goiás, SE Mato Grosso) [Short, 1973 #3619]

Celeus castaneus (Wagler, 1829) Chestnut-colored Woodpecker

vCaribbean slope of SE Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca) to W Panama (W Bocas del Toro)

Celeus grammicus¹³⁵ Scale-breasted Woodpecker

verreauxii (Malherbe, 1858) iSC Colombia (SW Meta to Putumayo), E Ecuador

grammicus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845)¹³⁶ vE and SE Colombia, S and SE Venezuela, W Amazonian Brazil (east to lower R. Negro and R. Purus), NE and E Peru; NE French Guiana

subcervinus Todd, 1937 vC Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, R. Purus to R. Xingu)

latifasciatus von Seilern, 1936 vSE Peru, N Bolivia, adjacent W Amazonian Brazil (upper R. Madeira)

Celeus undatus Waved Woodpecker

amacurensis W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1950¹³⁷ δvNE Venezuela (E Delta Amacuro) [Phelps, 1950 #3031]

undatus (Linnaeus, 1766) vE Venezuela (E Sucre, NE Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Branco)

multifasciatus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) vNE Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, west to R. Xingu)

Celeus ochraceus ¹³⁸ (von Spix, 1824) Ochre-backed Woodpecker

vNE and E Brazil (NE Pará and Maranhão to Rio Grande do Norte, south to E Bahia)

Celeus flavescens¹³⁹ Blond-crested Woodpecker

intercedens Hellmayr, 1908¹⁴⁰ iEC Brazil (Goiás to W Bahia and Minas Gerais)

flavescens (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) iSE Brazil (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Celeus elegans Chestnut Woodpecker

1 hellmayri von Berlepsch, 1908¹⁴¹ iE Venezuela (NW Anzoátegui, Sucre; E Bolívar), Guyana, Surinam, N Brazil (N Roraima)

1 deltanus W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1950 vCoastal NE Venezuela (NE Monagas, Delta Amacuro) [Phelps, 1950 #3031]

1 leotaudi Hellmayr, 1906 iTrinidad

1 elegans (Statius Muller, 1776) iE Surinam, French Guiana, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Branco)

2 citreopygius P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1867¹⁴² vSC and SE Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru [Sclater, 1867 #13810]

2 jumanus (von Spix, 1824)^143,144 vE Colombia, S Venezuela, W, C and S Amazonian Brazil (east to R. Negro and NW Maranhão), N Bolivia

Celeus lugubris¹⁴⁵ Pale-crested Woodpecker

olrogi Fraga & Dickinson, 2008¹⁴⁶ E Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz) [Fraga, 2008 #10393]

lugubris (Malherbe, 1851) vSW Brazil (SW Mato Grosso, NW Mato Grosso do Sul)

kerri Hargitt, 1891 iSW Brazil (SW Mato Grosso do Sul), C Paraguay, N Argentina (E Formosa, E Chaco, NW Corrientes)

PICULUS von Spix, 1824 M - Piculus macrocephalus von Spix, 1824; type by subsequent designation (Oberholser, 1923, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 201). = Picus chrysochloros Vieillot, 1818

Piculus simplex ^147,148 (Salvin, 1870) Rufous-winged Woodpecker

iCaribbean slope of E Honduras to W Panama (N Veraguas)

Piculus callopterus (Lawrence, 1862) Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker

vFoothills of C and E Panama (E Colón and N Panamá to Darién)

Piculus leucolaemus ¹⁴⁹ (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) White-throated Woodpecker

vSC Colombia, EC Ecuador, EC and SE Peru, NW Bolivia and locally in C and E Amazonian Brazil

Piculus litae ¹⁵⁰ (Rothschild, 1901) Lita Woodpecker

W and NC Colombia (Pacific slope and south in Magdalena valley to Caldas) to NW Ecuador (NW Pichincha)

Piculus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker

flavigula (Boddaert, 1783) iC and E Venezuela (Bolívar), the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Branco)

magnus (Cherrie & Reichenberger, 1921) vE Ecuador to S Venezuela, NE Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil (north of R. Amazon, east to R. Negro, south of R. Amazon throughout)

erythropis (Vieillot, 1818)¹⁵¹ vCoastal E and SE Brazil (Pernambuco; SE Bahia to NE Santa Catarina)

Piculus chrysochloros¹⁵² Golden-green Woodpecker

aurosus (Nelson, 1912) vE Panama, N Colombia (Córdoba and N Antioquia to Magdalena)

xanthochlorus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1875) vNE Colombia (Norte de Santander), NW Venezuela (Zulia to Cojedes)

capistratus (Malherbe, 1862) vSE Colombia to S Venezuela (Amazonas), N Brazil (north of R. Amazon), Guyana and Surinam

guianensis Todd, 1937 vFrench Guiana

paraensis (E. Snethlage, 1907) vNE Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, west to R. Tapajós)

laemostictus Todd, 1937 vW Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, east to R. Purus)

hypochryseus Todd, 1937 vC Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, R. Purus to R. Tapajós), N Bolivia

chrysochloros (Vieillot, 1818)¹⁵³ δiNE, EC and S Brazil (Ceará to Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul), SE Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina

polyzonus (Valenciennes, 1826) vSE Brazil (SE Minas Gerais, SE Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro)

Piculus aurulentus ¹⁵⁴ (Temminck, 1821) White-browed Woodpeckerα

vSE Brazil (SW Espírito Santo to São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

COLAPTES Vigors, 1825 M - Cuculus auratus Linnaeus, 1758; type by original designation ^155,156

Colaptes fernandinae ¹⁵⁷ Vigors, 1827 Fernandina's Flicker

iCuba

Colaptes auratus^158,159 Northern Flicker

1 cafer (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) vSE Alaska to NW California

1 collaris Vigors, 1829¹⁶⁰ vSW Canada (SE British Columbia), W and WC USA, NW and W Mexico (NW Baja California; E Sonora and W Chihuahua to Durango)

1†? rufipileus Ridgway, 1876 iGuadalupe I. (off W Baja California)

1 nanus Griscom, 1934 iMountains of SW USA (SW Texas) and NE Mexico (Coahuila, W Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, W Tamaulipas)

2 mexicanus Swainson, 1827 vMountains of C and S Mexico (Nayarit to Hidalgo, Guerrero and Oaxaca)

2 mexicanoides Lafresnaye, 1844¹⁶¹ iMountains of S Mexico (Chiapas) to NC Nicaragua

3 luteus Bangs, 1898¹⁶² vC Alaska and Canada to NC and NE USA (E North Dakota to Oklahoma and N Virginia)

3 auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) vSE USA (E Texas to S Virginia and Florida)

4 chrysocaulosus Gundlach, 1858 vCuba

4 gundlachi Cory, 1886 iGrand Cayman (Cayman Is.)

Colaptes chrysoides¹⁶³ Gilded Flicker

mearnsi Ridgway, 1911 iSW USA (SE California, SW Arizona) to NW Mexico (N Sonora)

tenebrosus van Rossem, 1930 vPacific slope of NW Mexico (C Sonora to N Sinaloa)

brunnescens Anthony, 1895 iNW Mexico (N and C Baja California)

chrysoides (Malherbe, 1852) iNW Mexico (S Baja California)

Colaptes melanochloros^164,165 Green-barred Woodpecker

1 nattereri (Malherbe, 1845)¹⁶⁶ iNE to S Brazil (Ilha de Marajó; Maranhão to Pernambuco, C Bahia and Mato Grosso do Sul), NE Paraguay, E Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

1 melanochloros (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)¹⁶⁷ iSE Brazil (S Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), NE Argentina (Misiones), SE Paraguay

2 melanolaimus (Malherbe, 1857) vAndes of C and S Bolivia (Cochabamba and W Santa Cruz to E Potosí and W Tarija)

2 nigroviridis (C.H.B. Grant, 1911) vS Bolivia (E Tarija) and W Paraguay to N Argentina (NE Santa Fé, NW Corrientes)

2 leucofrenatus Leybold, 1873¹⁶⁸ vNW, C and S Argentina (Tucumán to Entre Ríos, south to E Neuquén and N Río Negro), Uruguay

Colaptes rivolii¹⁶⁹ Crimson-mantled Woodpecker

quindiuna (Chapman, 1923) iC Andes of Colombia

zuliensis (Aveledo & Perez, 1989)¹⁷⁰ vSierra de Perijá (Colombian-Venezuelan border) [Aveledo, 1989 #117]

rivolii (Boissonneau, 1840) iAndes of SW Venezuela (S Táchira), E Andes of Colombia

meridae (Chapman, 1923) iAndes of W Venezuela (Trujillo to N Táchira)

brevirostris (Taczanowski, 1875) vAndes of SW Colombia (Nariño) to S Peru (on W slope south to Cajamarca, on E slope south to Ayacucho)

atriceps (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876) iE slope of Andes of SE Peru (Cuzco) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

Colaptes rupicola Andean Flicker

cinereicapillus Reichenbach, 1854 iAndes of S Ecuador (SE Loja) to C Peru (Ancash, Huánuco)

puna Cabanis, 1883 iAndes of C and S Peru (Pasco and E Lima to Puno)

rupicola d'Orbigny, 1840 iAndes of N Bolivia (La Paz) to NW Argentina (Catamarca) and N Chile (Tarapacá)

Colaptes pitius ¹⁷¹ (G.I. Molina, 1782) Chilean Flicker

iC and S Chile (Coquimbo to C Magallanes) and adjacent W Argentina (W Neuquén to W Santa Cruz)

Colaptes campestris Campo Flicker

campestris (Vieillot, 1818)¹⁷² vS Surinam; E Brazil (west to Maranhão and Mato Grosso do Sul, south to Santa Catarina) to NE and E Bolivia and N Paraguay

campestroides (Malherbe, 1849)¹⁷³ iS Paraguay, SE Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, E Argentina (south to E Río Negro)

Colaptes punctigula¹⁷⁴ Spot-breasted Woodpecker

striatigularis (Chapman, 1914)¹⁷⁵ vE Panama (Darién), W and WC Colombia (Pacific slope, Cauca valley, Magdalena valley)

ujhelyii (von Madarász, 1912) iN Colombia

punctipectus (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863) iE Colombia, C and N Venezuela (east of Andes, north of R. Orinoco)

zuliae (Cory, 1915) iNW Venezuela (S and E Zulia, NW Táchira, W Trujillo)

punctigula (Boddaert, 1783) iThe Guianas

guttatus (von Spix, 1824)¹⁷⁶ vAmazonia from E Ecuador and NE Peru to N Bolivia and Brazil (N Mato Grosso to Pará)

Colaptes auricularis Gray-crowned Woodpecker

sonoriensis (van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937)¹⁷⁷ vPacific slope of W Mexico (SE Sonora and SW Chihuahua to Colima)

auricularis (Salvin & Godman, 1889) vPacific slope of SW Mexico (Guerrero to S Oaxaca)

Colaptes rubiginosus¹⁷⁸ Golden-olive Woodpecker

1 aeruginosus (Malherbe, 1862)¹⁷⁹ vNE Mexico (C Nuevo León and S Tamaulipas to C Veracruz)

2 yucatanensis (S. Cabot, 1844)¹⁸⁰ vS Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca) to W Panama

2 alleni (Bangs, 1902) iSanta Marta Mts. (N Colombia)

2 meridensis (Ridgway, 1911) vSierra de Perijá; Andes and W Coastal Range of Venezuela

2 rubiginosus (Swainson, 1820) vCoastal Range of NC and NE Venezuela

2 deltanus (Aveledo & Ginés, 1953) vNE Venezuela (S Delta Amacuro) [Aveledo, 1953 #116]

2 paraquensis (W.H. Phelps & W.H. Phelps, Jr., 1948) vTepuis of SC Venezuela [Phelps, 1948 #3028]

2 guianae (Hellmayr, 1918) iTepuis of SE Venezuela (SE Bolívar) and adjacent Guyana

2 viridissimus (Chapman, 1939) vSE Venezuela (upper slopes of Auyan Tepui)

2 nigriceps (Blake, 1941)¹⁸¹ iMountains of S Guyana (Serra Acari) and C Surinam

2 trinitatis (Ridgway, 1911) iTrinidad

2 tobagensis (Ridgway, 1911) vTobago

2 gularis (Hargitt, 1889)¹⁸² vW and C Andes of Colombia

2 rubripileus (Salvadori & Festa, 1900) iLowlands and foothills of SW Colombia (Nariño) to NW Peru (Lambayeque)

2 palmitae (Meyer de Schauensee, 1952)¹⁸³ W slope of E Andes of N Colombia (Cesar to Santander) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1952 #10931]

2 buenavistae (Chapman, 1915) iE slope of E Andes of Colombia (Norte de Santander to Meta)

2 michaelis (Meyer de Schauensee, 1952)^184,185 E slope of E Andes from SE Colombia (S Nariño) to S Ecuador (Zamora-Chichipe) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1952 #10931]

2 coloratus (Chapman, 1923) vE slope of Andes of S Ecuador (Cordillera del Cóndor) to N Peru (to San Martín)

2 chrysogaster (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902) iE slope of Andes of C Peru (Huánuco to Cuzco)

2 canipileus (d'Orbigny, 1840) iE slope of Andes of S Peru (Puno) to C Bolivia (Cochabamba)

2 tucumanus (Cabanis, 1883) vE slope of Andes of S Bolivia (Chuquisaca) to NW Argentina (Tucumán)

Colaptes atricollis Black-necked Woodpecker

atricollis (Malherbe, 1850) vW slope of Andes of Peru (S La Libertad to N Tacna)

peruvianus (Reichenbach, 1854) vNW Peru (Marañón valley from E Cajamarca and SW Amazonas to W Huánuco)

Colaptes oceanicus Olson, 2013 Bermuda Flicker

Bermuda

PICINAE^186,187 - Tribe CAMPEPHILINI^186,187

BLYTHIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M - Picus rubiginosus Swainson, 1837; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 94).

Blythipicus rubiginosus ¹⁸⁸ (Swainson, 1837) Maroon Woodpecker

vExtreme SW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Borneo

Blythipicus pyrrhotis Bay Woodpecker

pyrrhotis (Hodgson, 1837)¹⁸⁹ vFoothills of E Himalayas (west to W Nepal), NE India, E Bangladesh, SW China, continental SE Asia (except extreme SE)

sinensis (Rickett, 1897) vS and SE China

annamensis Kinnear, 1926 vS Vietnam

hainanus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899) vHainan

cameroni Robinson, 1928 iMountains of S Thai-Malay Pen.

CAMPEPHILUS G.R. Gray, 1840 M - Picus principalis Linnaeus, 1758; type by original designation ¹⁹⁰

Campephilus pollens Powerful Woodpecker

pollens (Bonaparte, 1845) iAndes of SW Venezuela (S Táchira), Colombia and Ecuador

peruvianus (Cory, 1915) vE slope of Andes of N and C Peru (Amazonas to Junín)

Campephilus haematogaster Crimson-bellied Woodpecker

splendens Hargitt, 1889¹⁹¹ iNW and EC Panama (Bocas del Toro, E Panamá) to NC and W Colombia and NW Ecuador (W Pichincha)

haematogaster (von Tschudi, 1844) iE slope of E Andes of Colombia, E slope of Andes of Ecuador to S Peru (Puno)

Campephilus rubricollis Red-necked Woodpecker

rubricollis (Boddaert, 1783) vE Ecuador, E Colombia, S and E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon)

trachelopyrus (Malherbe, 1857) vE Peru, NW Bolivia (Pando, La Paz), W Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, east to R. Juruá)

olallae (Gyldenstolpe, 1945) iC and E Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, west to R. Madeira), NE Bolivia (Beni, N Santa Cruz)

Campephilus robustus (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1819) Robust Woodpecker

vSE Brazil (S Bahia and SE Goiás to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones, Corrientes)

Campephilus guatemalensis Pale-billed Woodpecker

nelsoni (Ridgway, 1911)¹⁹² iPacific slope of W and S Mexico (S Sonora to S Oaxaca)

regius Reichenbach, 1854 vNE and E Mexico (S Tamaulipas to Veracruz)

guatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844) vS Mexico (Chiapas, Yucatan Pen.) to W Panama (W Bocas del Toro, W Chiriquí)

Campephilus melanoleucos¹⁹³ Crimson-crested Woodpecker

malherbii G.R. Gray, 1845 iW Panama (E Bocas del Toro, E Chiriquí) to W and N Colombia and W Venezuela (W and S Zulia, NW Táchira, W Mérida)

melanoleucos (J.F. Gmelin, 1788)¹⁹⁴ iVenezuela (east of the Andes), the Guianas, Amazonia, E and S Brazil (south from Goiás) to N Paraguay and NE Argentina

cearae (Cory, 1915) iNE Brazil (Maranhão to Ceará and Bahia)

Campephilus gayaquilensis ¹⁹⁵ (Lesson, 1845) Guayaquil Woodpecker

vLowlands and foothills of SW Colombia (SW Cauca) to NW Peru (W Cajamarca)

Campephilus leucopogon ¹⁹⁶ (Valenciennes, 1826) Cream-backed Woodpecker

iC Bolivia, W and C Paraguay to N Argentina (W Córdoba, NE San Luis), SE Brazil (SW Rio Grande do Sul) and NW Uruguay

Campephilus magellanicus (P.P. King, 1827) Magellanic Woodpeckerα

vS Chile (south from S Maule) and adjacent SW Argentina

Campephilus principalis Ivory-billed Woodpecker

†? principalis (Linnaeus, 1758) vSE USA (formerly SE Oklahoma and E Texas to North Carolina)

†? bairdii Cassin, 1863¹⁹⁷ iCuba

Campephilus imperialis (Gould, 1832) Imperial Woodpecker

vMountains of W Mexico (Chihuahua to Jalisco and Michoacán)

REINWARDTIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M - Picus validus Temminck, 1825; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 92).

Reinwardtipicus validus Orange-backed Woodpecker

xanthopygius (Finsch, 1905) vC and S Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka I. (off SE Sumatra), N Natuna Is. (Indonesia), Borneo

validus (Temminck, 1825) vW and C Java

CHRYSOCOLAPTES Blyth, 1843 M - Picus strictus Horsfield, 1821; type by subsequent designation (Hargitt, 1890, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 18, p. 442).

Chrysocolaptes lucidus¹⁹⁸ Greater Flame-backed Woodpecker

1 sultaneus (Hodgson, 1837) vFoothills of NW Himalayas

1 guttacristatus (Tickell, 1833) vFoothills of E Himalayas (west to EC Nepal), NE India, Bangladesh, W and S Yunnan, mainland SE Asia to N Thai-Malay Pen.; SE India

1 socialis Koelz, 1939¹⁹⁹ vSW India

1 indomalayicus Hesse, 1911²⁰⁰ vC and S Thai-Malay Pen., Sumatra, Bangka I. (off SE Sumatra), W Java

2 stricklandi (E.L. Layard, 1854) iSri Lanka

3 strictus (Horsfield, 1821) vC and E Java, Bali

3 kangeanensis Hoogerwerf, 1963²⁰¹ vKangean Is. (Java Sea) [Hoogerwerf, 1963 #2004]

1 andrewsi Amadon, 1943 iE Borneo

4 erythrocephalus Sharpe, 1877 vPalawan Group (Philippines)

5 haematribon (Wagler, 1827)²⁰² iLuzon, Polillo, Catanduanes and Marinduque (Philippines)

6 rufopunctatus Hargitt, 1889 vSamar, Leyte, Bohol (Philippines)

6 montanus Ogilvie-Grant, 1905 vMindanao (except Zamboanga Pen.)

6 lucidus (Scopoli, 1786)^203,204 αvMindanao (Zamboanga Pen.), Basilan

7 xanthocephalus Walden & E.L. Layard, 1872 vMasbate, Panay, Negros and Ticao; formerly Guimaras (Philippines)

Chrysocolaptes festivus White-naped Woodpecker

festivus (Boddaert, 1783) vSW Nepal, India (except NE)

tantus Ripley, 1946 vSri Lanka

PICINAE^205,206 - Tribe MELANERPINI^205,206

SPHYRAPICUS S.F. Baird, 1858 M - Picus varius Linnaeus, 1766; type by original designation

Sphyrapicus thyroideus Williamson's Sapsucker

thyroideus (Cassin, 1852) αvMountains of SW Canada (SC British Columbia) to NW Mexico (Sierra de San Pedro Martir in N Baja California)

nataliae (Malherbe, 1854) iMountains of WC USA (Idaho and W Montana to C Arizona and W New Mexico) >> south to WC Mexico

Sphyrapicus varius ^207,208 (Linnaeus, 1766) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

vE Alaska, S Canada, NC and NE USA >> C and S USA to Panama, Greater Antilles

Sphyrapicus nuchalis S.F. Baird, 1858 Red-naped Sapsucker

vMountains of SW Canada (SE British Columbia, SW Alberta) to SW USA (NW and SE Arizona, New Mexico) >> south to W and C Mexico

Sphyrapicus ruber Red-breasted Sapsucker

ruber (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) vSE Alaska, W and C British Columbia, W Washington, W Oregon

daggetti G.B. Grinnell, 1901 iW USA (SW Oregon to SC California)

XIPHIDIOPICUS Bonaparte, 1854 M - Picus percussus Temminck, 1826; type by monotypy ²⁰⁹

Xiphidiopicus percussus Cuban Green Woodpecker

percussus (Temminck, 1826)²¹⁰ iCuba, including cays off north coast

insulaepinorum Bangs, 1910²¹¹ iIsla de la Juventud, Cayo Caballones, Cayo Cantiles

MELANERPES Swainson, 1832 M - Picus erythrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758; type by monotypy ²¹²

Melanerpes candidus ²¹³ (Otto, 1796) White Woodpecker

vCoastal Surinam and French Guiana; lower R. Amazon; SE Peru (Pampas de Heath) to E, S and SE Brazil, N Argentina and Uruguay

Melanerpes lewis ²¹⁴ (G.R. Gray, 1849) Lewis's Woodpecker

iSW Canada (SE British Columbia), W USA (Washington to W South Dakota, C California and New Mexico)

Melanerpes herminieri (Lesson, 1830) Guadeloupe Woodpecker

iGuadeloupe (C Lesser Antilles)

Melanerpes portoricensis (Daudin, 1803) Puerto Rican Woodpecker

vPuerto Rico, Vieques I.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus ²¹⁵ (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-headed Woodpecker

vS Canada (S Saskatchewan to S Québec), E and C USA (west to E Montana and E New Mexico)

Melanerpes formicivorus²¹⁶ Acorn Woodpecker

bairdi Ridgway, 1881²¹⁷ iNW USA (NW Oregon) to NW Mexico (N Baja California)

formicivorus (Swainson, 1827)²¹⁸ vMountains of SW USA (E Arizona, W New Mexico, SW Texas) to S Mexico (S Veracruz, Oaxaca)

angustifrons S.F. Baird, 1870 iNW Mexico (extreme S Baja California)

albeolus Todd, 1910 vLowlands of Belize, N and E Honduras and NE Nicaragua

lineatus (Dickey & van Rossem, 1927)²¹⁹ vMountains of SE Mexico (SE Oaxaca, Chiapas) to NC Nicaragua

striatipectus Ridgway, 1874 iMountains of C Costa Rica (Cordillera Central) to W Panama (Veraguas)

flavigula (Malherbe, 1849) iAndes of Colombia

Melanerpes cruentatus ^220,221 (Boddaert, 1783) Yellow-tufted Woodpecker

vAmazonia and the Guianas

Melanerpes flavifrons ²²² (Vieillot, 1818) Yellow-fronted Woodpecker

iSE Brazil (SE Bahia and E Goiás to N Rio Grande do Sul), E Paraguay, NE Argentina (Misiones)

Melanerpes chrysauchen Salvin, 1870 Golden-naped Woodpecker

SW Costa Rica to W Panama (Chiriqui)

Melanerpes pulcher ²²³ P.L. Sclater, 1870 Beautiful Woodpecker

vMiddle Magdalena valley of Colombia (Bolívar to N Tolima)

Melanerpes pucherani ^224,225 (Malherbe, 1849) Black-cheeked Woodpecker

iS Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca) to NW and W Colombia and SW Ecuador (El Oro)

Melanerpes cactorum ^226,227 (d'Orbigny, 1839) White-fronted Woodpeckerα

iC Bolivia (E Cochabamba) to SW Brazil (SW Mato Grosso), south to C Argentina (NE San Luis, N Córdoba, NW Entre Ríos)

Melanerpes striatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Hispaniolan Woodpecker

vHispaniola, Isla Beata

Melanerpes radiolatus (Wagler, 1827) Jamaican Woodpecker

vJamaica

Melanerpes hypopolius (Wagler, 1829) Gray-breasted Woodpecker

vSC Mexico (N Guerrero and Morelos to C Oaxaca)

Melanerpes pygmaeus²²⁸ Yucatan Woodpecker

rubricomus J.L. Peters, 1948 vSE Mexico (N Campeche, Yucatán, Quintana Roo), N Belize

pygmaeus (Ridgway, 1885) vIsla de Cozumel (off Yucatan Pen.)

tysoni (J. Bond, 1936) iIsla de Guanaja (off N Honduras)

Melanerpes rubricapillus²²⁹ Red-crowned Woodpecker

rubricapillus (Cabanis, 1862)²³⁰ iSW Costa Rica to N Colombia, N Venezuela and Tobago; coastal Guyana and Surinam

subfusculus (Wetmore, 1957) vIsla de Coiba (off SW Panama) [Wetmore, 1957 #4141]

seductus Bangs, 1901 vIsla del Rey (Arch. de las Perlas off S Panama)

paraguanae (Gilliard, 1940)²³¹ iNW Venezuela (Paraguaná Pen.)

Melanerpes hoffmannii ^232,233 (Cabanis, 1862) Hoffmann's Woodpeckerδ

iPacific slope of S Honduras to WC Costa Rica

Melanerpes chrysogenys Golden-cheeked Woodpecker

chrysogenys (Vigors, 1839) iW Mexico (S Sinaloa, Nayarit)

flavinuchus (Ridgway, 1911)²³⁴ iSW and S Mexico (Pacific slope from Jalisco to Oaxaca, inland from Michoacán to SW Puebla)

Melanerpes uropygialis²³⁵ Gila Woodpecker

uropygialis (S.F. Baird, 1854)²³⁶ vW USA (SE California to SW New Mexico) and W Mexico (Sonora and SW Chihuahua to Jalisco and Aguascalientes; Isla Tiburón)

cardonensis (G.B. Grinnell, 1927) vNW Mexico (NE and C Baja California)

brewsteri (Ridgway, 1911) iNW Mexico (S Baja California)

Melanerpes superciliaris West Indian Woodpecker

1 nyeanus (Ridgway, 1886)^237,238 δvGrand Bahama, San Salvador (Bahamas)

1 blakei (Ridgway, 1886) iGreat Abaco (Bahamas)

1 superciliaris (Temminck, 1827)²³⁹ vCuba

1 murceus (Bangs, 1910) vIsla de la Juventud, Cayo Real, Cayo Largo

2 caymanensis (Cory, 1886)²⁴⁰ vGrand Cayman (Cayman Is.)

Melanerpes carolinus ²⁴¹ (Linnaeus, 1758) Red-bellied Woodpecker

vC and E USA (SE North Dakota to S Massachusetts, south to E Texas and Florida)

Melanerpes aurifrons²⁴² Golden-fronted Woodpecker

1 aurifrons (Wagler, 1829)^243,244 iSC USA (SW Oklahoma to C and S Texas) to C Mexico (Jalisco to Hidalgo)

2 veraecrucis Nelson, 1900²⁴⁵ E Mexico (S Veracruz) to N Guatemala

2 dubius (S. Cabot, 1844) vSE Mexico (Yucatan Pen.), Belize, NE Guatemala

2 leei (Ridgway, 1885) iIsla de Cozumel (off Yucatan Pen.)

2 turneffensis (Russell, 1963)²⁴⁶ vTurneffe Is. (off Belize) [Russell, 1963 #3430]

2 canescens (Salvin, 1889) iIsla de Roatán, Isla de Barbareta (off N Honduras)

2 polygrammus (Cabanis, 1862)²⁴⁷ vS Mexico (SE Oaxaca to C and S Chiapas)

2 grateloupensis (Lesson, 1839)²⁴⁸ vE and S Mexico (C San Luis Potosí and S Tamaulipas to E Puebla and C Veracruz)

2 santacruzi (Bonaparte, 1838) iS Mexico (SE Chiapas), C and S Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, NC Nicaragua

2 hughlandi Dickerman, 1987 iEC Guatemala [Dickerman, 1987 #1337]

2 pauper (Ridgway, 1888) iCoastal N Honduras

2 insulanus (J. Bond, 1936) vIsla de Utila (off N Honduras)

DENDROPICOS Malherbe, 1849 M - Dendropicos lafresnayi Malherbe, 1849; type by subsequent designation (W.L. Sclater, 1921, Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 42, p. 25).

Dendropicos elachus Oberholser, 1919 Little Grey Woodpecker

iSenegal to W Sudan

Dendropicos poecilolaemus Reichenow, 1893 Speckle-breasted Woodpecker

vCameroon to Uganda, W Kenya

Dendropicos abyssinicus ²⁴⁹ (Stanley, 1814) Gold-mantled Woodpecker

vEthiopia and Eritrea

Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker

lafresnayi Malherbe, 1849²⁵⁰ δiSenegal to Nigeria

sharpii Oustalet, 1879²⁵¹ iCameroon, Central African Republic to W DR Congo, N Angola

lepidus (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863) vSouth Sudan, SW Ethiopia, E DR Congo to C Kenya and NW Tanzania

hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1833)²⁵² iN and E Ethiopia, Somalia, N and E Kenya

massaicus Neumann, 1900 vSC Ethiopia, W and C Kenya, to NC Tanzania

hartlaubii Malherbe, 1849²⁵³ iSE Kenya to Malawi and N Mozambique

centralis Neumann, 1900²⁵⁴ vN Angola, S DR Congo, N Zambia, W Tanzania

stresemanni Grote, 1922²⁵⁵ S Angola, S Zambia to N Namibia, N Botswana, W Zimbabwe, N South Africa

intermedius Roberts, 1924²⁵⁶ vE Zimbabwe, E South Africa, S and C Mozambique

fuscescens (Vieillot, 1818)²⁵⁷ iC Namibia, SW Botswana, W and C South Africa

Dendropicos gabonensis Gabon Woodpecker

1 lugubris Hartlaub, 1857²⁵⁸ vGuinea to SW Nigeria

2 reichenowi Sjöstedt, 1893 iS Nigeria, SW Cameroon

2 gabonensis (J. & E. Verreaux, 1851) vGabon to NE and C DR Congo

Dendropicos stierlingi Reichenow, 1901 Stierling's Woodpecker

iS Tanzania, N Mozambique, S Malawi

CHLOROPICUS Malherbe, 1845 M - Picus (Chloropicus) pyrrhogaster Malherbe, 1845; type by subsequent designation, this work ²⁵⁹

Chloropicus namaquus Bearded Woodpecker

schoensis (Rüppell, 1842)²⁶⁰ vEthiopia, Somalia, N Kenya

namaquus (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793)²⁶¹ iCentral African Republic, C and S Kenya and Tanzania to N Namibia, Botswana and N South Africa

coalescens (Clancey, 1958) iS Mozambique and E South Africa (E Limpopo to KwaZulu-Natal) [Clancey, 1958 #794]

Chloropicus xantholophus (Hargitt, 1883) Yellow-crested Woodpecker

vSE Nigeria, S Cameroon to NW Angola and W Kenya

Chloropicus pyrrhogaster ²⁶² (Malherbe, 1845) Fire-bellied Woodpecker

Guinea to SE Nigeria

MESOPICOS Malherbe, 1849 M - Picus goertae Statius Muller, 1776; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 92). ²⁶³

Mesopicos elliotii Elliot's Woodpecker

johnstoni (Shelley, 1887)²⁶⁴ iE Nigeria, Cameroon (Mont Cameroun and Mont Koupé), Bioko

elliotii (Cassin, 1863)²⁶⁵ iS Cameroon to N Angola and Uganda

Mesopicos goertae²⁶⁶ Grey Woodpecker

1 goertae (Statius Muller, 1776) iSenegal and Gambia to Mali

1 koenigi Neumann, 1903 iMali to W and C Sudan

1 abessinicus Reichenow, 1900 vE Sudan, N and W Ethiopia

1 centralis Reichenow, 1900²⁶⁷ vSierra Leone to Nigeria, South Sudan, W Kenya, Uganda, NW Tanzania

1 meridionalis (Louette & Prigogine, 1982) vSE DR Congo, NW Angola, S Gabon [Louette, 1982 #2425]

2 spodocephalus (Bonaparte, 1850)²⁶⁸ High plateaux of C and S Ethiopia

2 rhodeogaster (G.A. Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) iHighlands of C and SE Kenya to NE Tanzania

Mesopicos griseocephalus Olive Woodpecker

ruwenzori Sharpe, 1902 iE DR Congo, SW Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi

kilimensis Neumann, 1926 vN and E Tanzania

griseocephalus (Boddaert, 1783)²⁶⁹ iE and S South Africa (Limpopo to KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape)

persimilis Neumann, 1933²⁷⁰ vAngola, N Zambia, SE DR Congo, N Malawi, SW Tanzania

IPOPHILUS Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863 M - Picus obsoletus Wagler, 1829; type by monotypy ²⁷¹

Ipophilus obsoletus²⁷² Brown-backed Woodpecker

obsoletus (Wagler, 1829) vGambia to W and S Sudan and C Uganda

heuglini (Neumann, 1904) iNE Sudan to N Eritrea

ingens (E. Hartert, 1900)²⁷³ iW Ethiopia, NE Uganda, W and C Kenya

crateri (W.L. Sclater & Moreau, 1935) iN Tanzania

DENDROCOPOS Koch, 1816 M - Picus major Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (Hargitt, 1890, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 18, p. 201). ²⁷⁴

Dendrocopos temminckii (Malherbe, 1849) Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker

iSulawesi, Togian Is.

Dendrocopos maculatus Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker

1 validirostris (Blyth, 1849)^275,276 αvLuzon, Catanduanes and Mindoro (Philippines) [Blyth, 1849 #372]

1 maculatus (Scopoli, 1786)²⁷⁷ vSibuyan, Cebu, Guimaras, Negros and Panay (Philippines)

1 fulvifasciatus (Hargitt, 1881)²⁷⁸ vSamar, Leyte, Bohol, Mindanao, Dinagat and Basilan (Philippines)

2 ramsayi (Hargitt, 1881)^279,280 iJolo, Siasi and Tawi-Tawi (Sulu Arch.)

Dendrocopos moluccensis²⁸¹ Brown-capped Woodpecker

1 nanus (Vigors, 1832) iW and N India, S Nepal

1 hardwickii (Jerdon, 1845)²⁸² αiC India

1 cinereigula (Malherbe, 1849) iSW India

1 gymnopthalmos (Blyth, 1849)²⁸³ δvSri Lanka

2 moluccensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) vS Thai-Malay Pen., Greater Sundas

2 grandis (Hargitt, 1882)²⁸⁴ vLombok to Alor (Lesser Sundas)

Dendrocopos kizuki^285,286 Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker

permutatus (Meise, 1934) vLiaoning, N Korea, SE Siberia

seebohmi (Hargitt, 1884)²⁸⁷ iSakhalin, S Kuril Is., N Japan (Hokkaido)

wilderi (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1926)²⁸⁸ Shandong and N Hebei

nippon (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922)²⁸⁹ iKorea, Cheju-do, C Japan (Honshu except SW)

shikokuensis (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) vSW Honshu, Shikoku (S Japan)

kizuki (Temminck, 1835) iKyushu (S Japan)

matsudairai (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1921) iYaku-shima, Izu Is. (Japan)

kotataki (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) iOki Is., Tsushima (Japan)

amamii (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1922) iAmami Is. (Japan)

nigrescens (Seebohm, 1887) iOkinawa (Okinawa Is.)

orii (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1923) iIriomote-jima (Yaeyama Is.)

Dendrocopos canicapillus²⁹⁰ Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker

doerriesi (Hargitt, 1881) iSE Siberia, E Heilongjiang, Korea

scintilliceps (Swinhoe, 1863) αiE China north to Hebei

szetschuanensis (Rensch, 1924)²⁹¹ vWC Sichuan to S Shaanxi

omissus (Rothschild, 1922)²⁹² vN and W Yunnan and W Sichuan to E Qinghai and SW Gansu

obscurus (La Touche, 1921)²⁹³ vSW and S Yunnan

kaleensis (Swinhoe, 1863)²⁹⁴ vS China, Taiwan and N Vietnam

swinhoei (E. Hartert, 1910) iHainan

mitchellii (Malherbe, 1849)²⁹⁵ δiFoothills of W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to E Nepal)

semicoronatus (Malherbe, 1849)²⁹⁶ vFoothills of E Himalayas (west to E Nepal)

canicapillus (Blyth, 1845) iNE India, Bangladesh, W and N continental SE Asia

delacouri (Meyer de Schauensee, 1938) iE and SE Thailand, Cambodia and S Vietnam

auritus (Eyton, 1845) vSW continental SE Asia, Thai-Malay Pen., Riau Arch. (off E Sumatra)

volzi (Stresemann, 1920) iSumatra

aurantiiventris (Salvadori, 1868) vBorneo

Dendrocopos minor Lesser Spotted Woodpecker

comminutus E. Hartert, 1907 vEngland, Wales

minor (Linnaeus, 1758) vScandinavia, NE Poland and Russia (east to to Ural Mts.)

kamtschatkensis (Malherbe, 1861)²⁹⁷ vSiberia from Ural Mts. to Sea of Okhotsk and N Mongolia

immaculatus Stejneger, 1884²⁹⁸ vKamchatka and Anadyr basin

amurensis (Buturlin, 1908)²⁹⁹ vNE China, SE Siberia, Sakhalin and Korea

hortorum (C.L. Brehm, 1831)³⁰⁰ iC Europe (N France and N Alps to C Poland and Romania)

buturlini (E. Hartert, 1912)³⁰¹ iS Europe (Iberia to Bulgaria and NW Greece)

danfordi (Hargitt, 1883) iC and E Greece, Turkey

colchicus (Buturlin, 1908) vCaucasus and Transcaucasia

quadrifasciatus (Radde, 1884) vSE Azerbaijan

hyrcanus (Sarudny & Bilkevitch, 1913) vN Iran

morgani Sarudny & von Loudon, 1904 iSW Iran

ledouci (Malherbe, 1855) iNW Africa

Dendrocopos noguchii ³⁰² (Seebohm, 1887) Okinawan Woodpecker

N Okinawa (Okinawa Is.)

Dendrocopos macei Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker

1 westermani (Blyth, 1870)³⁰³ δiFoothills of W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to W Nepal)

1 macei (Vieillot, 1818)³⁰⁴ iFoothills of E Himalayas (west to C Nepal), NE India, Bangladesh, W and N Myanmar

2 andamanensis (Blyth, 1859) vAndamans

2 longipennis Hesse, 1912 vWC and SE continental SE Asia

2 analis (Bonaparte, 1850)³⁰⁵ vS Sumatra, Java, Bali

Dendrocopos atratus Stripe-breasted Woodpecker

atratus (Blyth, 1849) vC Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, W and N Thailand, Laos

vietnamensis Stepanyan, 1988³⁰⁶ vC Vietnam [Stepanyan, 1988 #3720]

Dendrocopos auriceps Brown-fronted Woodpecker

auriceps (Vigors, 1831) iE Afghanistan, foothills of W and C Himalayas (N Pakistan to W Nepal)

incognitus (Scully, 1879)³⁰⁷ vC Nepal [Scully, 1879 #3562]

Dendrocopos mahrattensis Yellow-crowned Woodpecker

pallescens Biswas, 1951 iE Pakistan, NW India [Biswas, 1951 #311]

mahrattensis (Latham, 1801)³⁰⁸ αvNepal, India, Sri Lanka, W, WC and S continental SE Asia

Dendrocopos dorae (Bates, G.L. & Kinnear, 1935) Arabian Woodpecker

iSW Saudi Arabia, W Yemen

Dendrocopos cathpharius Crimson-breasted Woodpecker

cathpharius (Blyth, 1843) iFoothills of E Himalayas (west from WC Nepal)

ludlowi Vaurie, 1959 iSE Xizang (China) [Vaurie, 1959 #3959]

pyrrhothorax (Hume, 1881)³⁰⁹ iNE India (Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram), W Myanmar

tenebrosus (Rothschild, 1926) vSW Yunnnan and N continental SE Asia (except extreme NE)

pernyii (J. Verreaux, 1867) iN Yunnan, WC Sichuan, S Gansu (C China)

innixus (Bangs & J.L. Peters, 1928) vNE Sichuan and SE Shaanxi to W Hubei (NC China)

Dendrocopos darjellensis Darjeeling Woodpecker

darjellensis (Blyth, 1845)³¹⁰ vFoothills of E Himalayas (west to WC Nepal), NE India, S Xizang, W Yunnan, W and N Myanmar, NW Vietnam

desmursi (J. Verreaux, 1871)³¹¹ αiSC China (W Sichuan)

Dendrocopos medius Middle Spotted Woodpecker

medius (Linnaeus, 1758)³¹² vEurope to NW Turkey

caucasicus (Bianchi, 1904)³¹³ vN Asia Minor, Caucasus, Transcaucasia

anatoliae (E. Hartert, 1912)³¹⁴ iW and S Asia Minor to N Iraq

sanctijohannis (Blanford, 1873) iZagros Mts. (SW Iran)

Dendrocopos leucotos³¹⁵ White-backed Woodpecker

leucotos (Bechstein, 1802)³¹⁶ αiC and N Europe to E Alps, Carpathian Mts. and EC Europe, S Russia to SE Siberia, Korea, Sakhalin and NE China

uralensis (Malherbe, 1861) vW Ural Mts. to Lake Baikal area

lilfordi (Sharpe & Dresser, 1871)³¹⁷ iPyrenees; Balkans, Turkey, Caucasus area

tangi Cheng Tso-hsin, 1956 iW Sichuan (China) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1956 #722]

fohkiensis (Buturlin, 1908) vNW Fujian (SE China)

insularis (Gould, 1863) αvTaiwan

subcirris (Stejneger, 1886) vS Kuril Is., N Japan (Hokkaido)

stejnegeri (N. Kuroda, Sr., 1921)³¹⁸ iN and C Honshu, Sadoga-shima (C Japan)

namiyei (Stejneger, 1886) iW Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Oki Is. (C and S Japan)

owstoni (Ogawa, 1905) iAmami Is. (Japan)

takahashii (N. Kuroda, Sr. & Mori, 1920) iUllung-do (off E Korea)

quelpartensis (N. Kuroda, Sr. & Mori, 1918) vCheju-do (off S Korea)

Dendrocopos himalayensis Himalayan Woodpecker

albescens (E.C.S. Baker, 1926) iE Afghanistan, W Himalayas (N Pakistan to Himachal Pradesh)

himalayensis (Jardine & Selby, 1831) αvFoothills of W Himalayas (E Himachal Pradesh to W Nepal)

Dendrocopos assimilis (Blyth, 1849) Sind Woodpecker

vSE Iran, Pakistan, NW India

Dendrocopos syriacus Syrian Woodpecker

syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)³¹⁹ vC Europe to Turkey, Levant and SW Iran

transcaucasicus Buturlin, 1910 vTranscaucasia and N Iran

milleri Sarudny, 1909 iKuh-e Taftan Mts. (SE Iran)

Dendrocopos leucopterus ³²⁰ (Salvadori, 1871) White-winged Woodpeckerα

vE Turkmenistan, C Uzbekistan, SW Kazakhstan, Pamir and Tien Shan Mts. to SE Kazakhstan and Xinjiang

Dendrocopos major³²¹ Great Spotted Woodpecker

major (Linnaeus, 1758) vScandinavia, NE Poland and Russia (east to Ural Mts.)

brevirostris (Reichenbach, 1854)³²² vUral Mts. to W shore Sea of Okhotsk, NE China, N Mongolia and NE Tien Shan Mts.

kamtschaticus (Dybowski, 1883) vKamchatka and N shore Sea of Okhotsk

anglicus E. Hartert, 1900 vBritish Isles

pinetorum (C.L. Brehm, 1831) iC Europe (Denmark and France to Alps and Carpathian Mts.)

parroti E. Hartert, 1911³²³ iCorsica

harterti Arrigoni, 1902 iSardinia

italiae (Stresemann, 1919) iMainland Italy, Sicily, W Slovenia

hispanus (Schlüter, 1908) vIberia

canariensis (A.F. Koenig, 1889) vTenerife (Canary Is.)

thanneri le Roi, 1911 iGran Canaria (Canary Is.)

mauritanus (C.L. Brehm, 1855)³²⁴ vMorocco

numidus (Malherbe, 1843) vN Algeria, Tunisia

candidus (Stresemann, 1919) vRomania and S Ukraine to Greece

paphlagoniae (Kummerlöwe & Niethammer, 1935)³²⁵ iN Asia Minor

tenuirostris Buturlin, 1906³²⁶ vCaucasus and Transcaucasia

poelzami (Bogdanov, 1879) iSE Azerbaijan, N Iran, SW Turkmenistan

japonicus (Seebohm, 1883)³²⁷ vSE Siberia and N and E Heilongjiang to S Kuril Is., N and C Japan and Korea

wulashanicus Cheng Tso-hsin, Xian Yao-hua, Zhang Yin-sun & Jiang Zhi-hua, 1975³²⁸ vSC Nei Mongol [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1975 #732]

cabanisi (Malherbe, 1854) iS Heilongjiang to N Anhui and N Jiangsu (E China)

beicki (Stresemann, 1927) iNE Sichuan and E Qinghai to Gansu and Shaanxi

mandarinus (Malherbe, 1857) vS China, E Myanmar, N Laos, N Vietnam

stresemanni (Rensch, 1924) iNE India, SE Xizang, W Sichuan, Yunnan, W and N Myanmar

hainanus E. Hartert & Hesse, 1911 vHainan

Dendrocopos hyperythrus³²⁹ Rufous-bellied Woodpecker

marshalli (E. Hartert, 1912) iFoothills of NW Himalayas

hyperythrus (Vigors, 1831)³³⁰ vHimalayan foothills (east from Uttarakhand), NE India, W Sichuan, Yunnan, Myanmar, N Thailand

subrufinus (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863) vRussian Far East, Korea, NE China >> S China, NE continental SE Asia

annamensis (Kloss, 1925) vMountains of S Laos and SC Vietnam

PICOIDES Lacépède, 1799 M - Picus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1840, A List of the Genera of Birds, p. 54).

Picoides nuttallii (Gambel, 1843) Nuttall's Woodpecker

iSW USA (N and W California) to NW Mexico (NW Baja California)

Picoides scalaris³³¹ Ladder-backed Woodpecker

cactophilus (Oberholser, 1911)³³² vSW USA (SE California to C Texas) to C and NE Mexico (Jalisco, N Michoacán, N Puebla and Tamaulipas)

eremicus (Oberholser, 1911) vNW Mexico (N Baja California)

lucasanus (Xántus de Vesey, 1860)³³³ αvNW Mexico (S Baja California and nearby islands in Golfo de California)

soulei (Banks, 1963)³³⁴ iIsla Cerralvo (off SE Baja California) [Banks, 1963 #189]

graysoni (S.F. Baird, 1874) iIslas Marías (off W Mexico)

sinaloensis (Ridgway, 1887)³³⁵ vW and SW Mexico (S Sonora and Sinaloa; S Michoacán to S Puebla, Guerrero and S Oaxaca)

scalaris (Wagler, 1829)³³⁶ vE and S Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, E and C Chiapas)

parvus (S. Cabot, 1844)³³⁷ αvSE Mexico (N Campeche, Yucatán, N Quintana Roo) [Cabot, 1844 #5967]

leucoptilurus (Oberholser, 1911) vLocally from Belize and Guatemala to NE Nicaragua

Picoides pubescens³³⁸ Downy Woodpecker

medianus (Swainson, 1832)³³⁹ vC Alaska, S Canada, E USA (south to E Kansas, Virginia and W North Carolina)

glacialis (G.B. Grinnell, 1910) vCoastal S and SE Alaska

fumidus (Maynard, 1889)³⁴⁰ vCoastal SW Canada (British Columbia) to NW USA (W Washington) [Maynard, 1889 #2537]

gairdnerii (Audubon, 1839) iCoastal W USA (W Oregon to NW California)

leucurus (Hartlaub, 1852)³⁴¹ vMountains of SE Alaska, W Canada and W USA (E Washington and Montana to NE California, Arizona and New Mexico)

turati (Malherbe, 1860) iW USA (NC Washington to C and SE California)

pubescens (Linnaeus, 1766) iSE USA (SE Kansas to South Carolina and E North Carolina, south to SE Texas and Florida)

Picoides villosus³⁴² Hairy Woodpecker

septentrionalis (Nuttall, 1840) vC Alaska, S Canada (east to C Québec), NC USA (Montana and North Dakota)

terraenovae (Batchelder, 1908) iE Canada (Newfoundland)

villosus (Linnaeus, 1766) vSE Canada (S Ontario to Nova Scotia), E USA (E North Dakota to Maine, south to C Texas, Kentucky and C Virginia)

audubonii (Swainson, 1832) iSE USA (E Texas to SE Virginia and Florida)

piger (G.M. Allen, 1905) vGrand Bahama, Moores, Great Abaco (Bahamas)

maynardi (Ridgway, 1887) iAndros, New Providence (Bahamas)

harrisi (Audubon, 1838)³⁴³ iCoastal SE Alaska and W Canada (W British Columbia) to SW USA (NW California)

picoideus (Osgood, 1901) vW Canada (Queen Charlotte Is.)

hyloscopus (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863)³⁴⁴ vMountains of SW USA (N California) to NW Mexico (N Baja California)

orius (Oberholser, 1911) vInterior mountains of W North America (SC British Columbia to E California and SW Utah)

monticola (Anthony, 1896) Rocky Mts. of W North America (C British Columbia to W South Dakota, W Nebraska and N New Mexico)

leucothorectis (Oberholser, 1911) Mountains of SW USA (SE California, S Nevada and SW Utah to New Mexico and W Texas)

icastus (Oberholser, 1911) vMountains of SW USA (SE Arizona, SW New Mexico) to W Mexico (Jalisco)

intermedius (Nelson, 1900) vMountains of E Mexico (SE Coahuila and SW Nuevo León to E Jalisco and Hidalgo)

jardinii (Malherbe, 1845) iMountains of S Mexico (Michoacán to S Veracruz and Oaxaca)

sanctorum (Nelson, 1897)³⁴⁵ iMountains of S Mexico (Chiapas) to NW Nicaragua

extimus (Bangs, 1902) vMountains of NC Costa Rica (Cordillera de Tilarán) to W Panama (Chiriquí, Bocas del Toro)

Picoides arizonae³⁴⁶ Arizona Woodpecker

arizonae (Hargitt, 1886) iMountains of SW USA (SE Arizona, SW New Mexico) to NW Mexico (NE Sonora, NW Durango)

fraterculus (Ridgway, 1887)³⁴⁷ iMountains of W Mexico (SE Sinaloa and W Durango to Jalisco and Michoacán)

Picoides stricklandi ³⁴⁸ (Malherbe, 1845) Strickland's Woodpecker

iMountains of EC Mexico (México to S Puebla and WC Veracruz)

Picoides borealis ³⁴⁹ (Vieillot, 1809) Red-cockaded Woodpeckerα

vSE USA (locally from SE Oklahoma and E Texas to SE Virginia and Florida)

Picoides albolarvatus White-headed Woodpecker

albolarvatus (Cassin, 1850) vMountains of SW Canada (SC British Columbia) and W USA (E Washington and W Idaho to SC California)

gravirostris (G.B. Grinnell, 1902) vMountains of SW USA (SW California from San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts. to Laguna Mts.)

Picoides tridactylus³⁵⁰ Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker

tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)³⁵¹ vN Europe to Ural Mts.; S Ural Mts through S Siberia and N Mongolia to Sakhalin and N Heilongjiang to NE Asia

alpinus C.L. Brehm, 1831 vC and SE Europe to the Carpathian Mts.

crissoleucus (Reichenbach, 1854) vN and C Ural Mts. to Sea of Okhotsk and Gulf of Anadyr

albidior Stejneger, 1888 vKamchatka

tianschanicus Buturlin, 1907 vC and E Tien Shan Mts., Dzhungarian Alatau Mts.

kurodai Yamashina, 1930 iSE Heilongjiang and NE Korea

inouyei Yamashina, 1943³⁵² iHokkaido

funebris J. Verreaux, 1871 αvN Yunnan and W Sichuan to E Qinghai and W Gansu

Picoides dorsalis³⁵³ American Three-toed Woodpecker

fasciatus S.F. Baird, 1870 vWC Alaska to WC Canada (N and C Saskatchewan) and NW USA (Oregon, N Idaho)

dorsalis S.F. Baird, 1858 vMountains of WC USA (W Montana to NE Arizona and C New Mexico)

bacatus Bangs, 1900 vC and E Canada (Manitoba to Newfoundland), NE USA (NE Minnesota to Maine)

Picoides arcticus (Swainson, 1832) Black-backed Woodpecker

vC Alaska and Canada to NW and NE USA (C California, C Idaho and NW Wyoming; NE Minnesota to Maine)

Picoides fumigatus³⁵⁴ Smoky-brown Woodpecker

oleagineus (Reichenbach, 1854) vMountains of E and SW Mexico (SW Tamaulipas to Puebla and WC Veracruz; Nayarit, Jalisco, Guerrero)

sanguinolentus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) vS Mexico (S Veracruz, N Oaxaca) to W Panama (Veraguas)

reichenbachi (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863)³⁵⁵ iCoastal Range of Venezuela

fumigatus (d'Orbigny, 1840)³⁵⁶ vSanta Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; Andes of W Venezuela to NW Argentina (Jujuy)

obscuratus (Chapman, 1927) vW slope of Andes of SW Ecuador (El Oro) to NW Peru (Cajamarca)

VENILIORNIS Bonaparte, 1854 M - Picus sanguineus A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793; type by subsequent designation (G.R. Gray, 1855, Cat. of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds, p. 92).

Veniliornis kirkii Red-rumped Woodpecker

neglectus Bangs, 1901 vSW Costa Rica to W Panama (Veraguas; Isla de Coiba)

cecilii (Malherbe, 1849) iE Panama (E Comarca Guna Yala, Darién), W and N Colombia and W Ecuador to NW Peru (Tumbes)

continentalis Hellmayr, 1906 vW and N Venezuela (east to C Anzoátegui and W Sucre)

monticola Hellmayr, 1918 iTepuis of C and SE Venezuela (NW Amazonas; SE Bolívar) and W Guyana (Mt. Roraima)

kirkii (Malherbe, 1845) iNE Venezuela (Paria Pen.), Trinidad, Tobago

Veniliornis cassini (Malherbe, 1862) Golden-collared Woodpecker

iC and E Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, west to R. Branco)

Veniliornis spilogaster (Wagler, 1827) White-spotted Woodpecker

iSE Brazil (SE Goiás and SW Minas Gerais) to E Paraguay, NE Argentina (E Entre Ríos) and Uruguay

Veniliornis mixtus Checkered Woodpecker

cancellatus (Wagler, 1829) vE Bolivia (NE Santa Cruz) to EC and S Brazil (S Piauí, W Minas Gerais and W São Paulo)

mixtus (Boddaert, 1783) vE Argentina (Corrientes to Buenos Aires), SE Brazil (SW Rio Grande do Sul) and W Uruguay

malleator (Wetmore, 1922)³⁵⁷ iSE Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina (south to La Rioja and Santa Fé)

berlepschi (Hellmayr, 1915) iC Argentina (San Luis and Córdoba to Neuquén and Río Negro)

Veniliornis lignarius ³⁵⁸ (G.I. Molina, 1782) Striped Woodpecker

vAndes of C Bolivia (La Paz) to NW Argentina (NW Salta); C and S Chile (Coquimbo to N Magallanes), adjacent W Argentina

Veniliornis sanguineus ³⁵⁹ (A.A.H. Lichtenstein, 1793) Blood-colored Woodpecker

vCoast of the Guianas

Veniliornis passerinus³⁶⁰ Little Woodpecker

modestus J.T. Zimmer, 1942 vC and NE Venezuela (along R. Orinoco from S Guárico and N Bolívar to Delta Amacuro)

fidelis (Hargitt, 1889) vE Colombia (south to Meta and Vaupés), W and SW Venezuela (E Táchira to E Trujillo; S Apure, NW Amazonas)

passerinus (Linnaeus, 1766)³⁶¹ vThe Guianas, NE Amazonian Brazil (Amapá, Pará west to R. Xingu)

diversus J.T. Zimmer, 1942 vN Brazil (north of R. Amazon in Roraima and NE Amazonas)

agilis (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863) vS Colombia (Putumayo, Amazonas), E Ecuador and E Peru to N Bolivia (Beni) and W Amazonian Brazil

insignis J.T. Zimmer, 1942 vW Amazonian Brazil (along south bank of R. Amazon, east to right bank of R. Madeira)

tapajozensis Gyldenstolpe, 1941 vEC Amazonian Brazil (both banks of R. Amazon at junction with R. Tapajós)

taenionotus (Reichenbach, 1854)³⁶² NE and E Brazil (Maranhão to Pernambuco and Bahia)

olivinus (Natterer & Malherbe, 1845) vE Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and S Brazil (Mato Grosso to Minas Gerais and Paraná) to N Argentina (Corrientes, Santa Fé)

Veniliornis frontalis (Cabanis, 1883) Dot-fronted Woodpecker

vE slope of the Andes of C Bolivia (Cochabamba) to NW Argentina (Tucumán)

Veniliornis callonotus Scarlet-backed Woodpecker

callonotus (Waterhouse, 1841) vSW Colombia (Nariño) to SW Ecuador (El Oro)

major (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884) vSW Ecuador (El Oro) to NW Peru (NW La Libertad; Marañón valley in NE Cajamarca and NW Amazonas)

Veniliornis dignus Yellow-vented Woodpecker

dignus (P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1877)³⁶³ vAndes of SW Venezuela (S Táchira) and Colombia, south on W slope to C Ecuador (W Cotopaxi)

baezae Chapman, 1923 iE slope of Andes of Ecuador

valdizani (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894)³⁶⁴ iE slope of Andes of N and C Peru (Amazonas; C Huánuco to Ayacucho and NW Cuzco)

Veniliornis nigriceps Bar-bellied Woodpecker

equifasciatus Chapman, 1912 vC Andes of Colombia, Andes of Ecuador, N Peru (to N Amazonas)

pectoralis (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902)^365,366 vE slope of Andes of Peru (S Amazonas to Junín)

nigriceps (d'Orbigny, 1840) iE slope of Andes of S Peru (Cuzco) to C Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

Veniliornis affinis Red-stained Woodpecker

orenocensis von Berlepsch & E. Hartert, 1902³⁶⁷ vS and SE Colombia (Meta and Putumayo to Vaupés), S Venezuela (Amazonas), N Brazil (north of R. Amazon, east to R. Negro)

hilaris (Cabanis & F. Heine, Sr., 1863) vE Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, W Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, east to R. Madeira)

ruficeps (von Spix, 1824) iE Amazonian Brazil (south of R. Amazon, west to R. Madeira)

affinis (Swainson, 1821) vCoastal E Brazil (Alagoas; Bahia to Espírito Santo)

Veniliornis chocoensis ³⁶⁸ Todd, 1919 Choco Woodpecker

vFoothills of W Andes of NW Colombia (W Antioquia) to NW Ecuador (NW Pichincha)

Veniliornis maculifrons (von Spix, 1824) Yellow-eared Woodpecker

iSE Brazil (SE Bahia, E Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro)

1 Subfamilies and tribes derive from Webb & Moore (2005) [Webb, 2005 #4093] and Benz et al. (2006) [Benz, 2006 #9508] except where indicated. However, each of their three tribe names in the Picinae is junior to established family-group names. Composition and sequence of genera derived from Benz et al. (2006) [Benz, 2006 #9508] and Fuchs et al. (2007) [Fuchs, 2007 #9862].

2 For recognition see Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) [Ornithological Society of Japan, 2000 #2875]. Omitted by Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533]. Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

3 The name pectoralis Sharpe & Bouvier, 1878, used by Clancey (1987) [Clancey, 1987 #4365] is preoccupied by pectoralis Vigors, 1831. Both are synonyms herein; so too are cosensi, striaticula Clancey, 1952 [Clancey, 1952 #783], rougeoti Berlioz, 1953 [Berlioz, 1953 #285], and diloloensis da Rosa Pinto, 1962 [da Rosa Pinto, 1962 #1108]; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

4 For recognition see Louette (1981) [Louette, 1981 #13691]. Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

5 For recognition as separate from Sasia see Fuchs et al. (2006) [Fuchs, 2006 #9861].

6 Includes querulivox, and ferruginea Koelz, 1952 [Koelz, 1952 #2248]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332]. Also includes hasbroucki; see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118].

7 Species limits in New World piculets are exceptionally uncertain because of an unusual degree of hybridization among taxa ranked as species.

8 Picumnus minutissimus Temminck, 1825, is now preoccupied in Picumnus by Picus minutissimus Pallas, 1782.

9 Includes simlaensis; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

10 Includes avunculorum; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

11 Formerly treated as a separate species, see e.g. Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], including juruanus; but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

12 For treatment as a separate species from P. lafresnayi see Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967] and Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

13 Formerly treated as conspecific with P. aurifrons, e.g. by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014]; but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

14 Forms a superspecies with P. pumilus; see Sibley & Monroe (1990).

15 Includes nigropunctatus Zimmer & Phelps, 1950 [Zimmer, 1950 #4313]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622], but see also Rodner et al. (2000) [Rodner, 2000 #3369], who considered salvini a junior synonym of P. squamulatus obsoletus.

16 Spelling selected by a First Reviser; see David et al. (2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

17 Doubtfully diagnosable (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

18 May include P. exilis salvini; see Rodner et al. (2000) [Rodner, 2000 #3369].

19 Treated by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] as a synonym of P. minutissimus; but see Zimmer & Phelps (1950) [Zimmer, 1950 #4313] and Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

20 Includes leucogaster see Zimmer & Phelps (1950) [Zimmer, 1950 #4313].

21 Formerly treated as a separate species, e.g. by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] or as a subspecies of P. minutissimus (Meyer de Schauensee 1970) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1970 #2678]; but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

22 Presumably includes distinctus Pinto & Camargo, 1961 [Pinto, 1961 #3088] (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187]; but see Pinto (1978) [Pinto, 1978 #3092].

23 Forms a superspecies with P. dorbignyanus and P. temminckii, with species limits among the three uncertain; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

24 May consist of more than one species (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

25 Often treated as a subspecies of P. cirratus, but most recent classifications follow Meyer de Schauensee (1966) [Meyer de Schauensee, 1966 #2676] in treating it as a separate species.

26 Correct original spelling. No internal evidence permitting emendation.

27 Picumnus asterias, treated as a species by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], was considered a variant of P. a. guttifer by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187] thought the name corumbanus applied to intergradient birds in Matto Grosso.

28 For treatment as a valid species see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

29 Includes saturatus Pinto & Camargo, 1961 [Pinto, 1961 #3088]; see Pinto (1978) [Pinto, 1978 #3092].

30 Type locality supposedly in Ecuador, but this may be an error (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

31 Forms a superspecies with P. granadensis, and may be conspecific; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

32 Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967] recognised the subspecies panamensis, but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] for continued treatment of it as a synonym of flavotinctus.

33 Includes malleolus Wetmore, 1965 = 1966 [Wetmore, 1966 #4148]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

34 A new name for perijanus Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1953 [Phelps, 1953 #3037], preoccupied.

35 Treated as a subspecies of P. olivaceus by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] and Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967], but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

36 For tentative recognition see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

37 Sister to the remaining tribes in the Picinae see Fuchs et al. (2008) [Fuchs, 2008 #11221].

38 Includes coccometopus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]; but see van Marle & Voous (1988) [van Marle, 1988 #3920].

39 Includes cordatus; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

40 The name Malarpicini employed by Webb & Moore (2005) [Webb, 2005 #4093], if valid, is a junior synonym of Picini Leach, 1820 (see Principle of Coordination, Art. 36; I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

41 Includes theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1949 [Meinertzhagen, 1949 #2645], petrobates Clancey, 1952 [Clancey, 1952 #784], and prometheus Clancey, 1952 [Clancey, 1952 #784]; see Earlé (1986) [Earlé, 1986 #1467].

42 Includes batesi; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

43 Includes uniamwesicus; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

44 Includes buysi Winterbottom, 1966 [Winterbottom, 1966 #4252]; see Tarboton in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

45 This taxon is treated in this species following Short (1973) [Short, 1973 #13826] and Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) [Dowsett, 1993 #1417], but see also Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

46 Includes vincenti Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1953 [Grant, 1953 #1756], see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

47 Forms a superspecies with C. punctuligera and C. bennettii; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625].

48 Includes tessmanni; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

49 Includes vibrator Clancey, 1953 [Clancey, 1953 #787]; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

50 Includes smithii, see Clancey (1967) [Clancey, 1967 #13827]; and implicitly annectens; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625].

51 For treatment as a separate species from C. abingoni see Short & Horne (1988) [Short, 1988 #3623].

52 Includes relicta Clancey, 1958 [Clancey, 1958 #793]; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

53 Forms a superspecies with C. abingoni and C. mombassica; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #4437].

54 Includes togoensis; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191]. Also includes kaffensis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

55 Includes fuelleborni; see Clancey (1970) [Clancey, 1970 #849], who acted as First Reviser for two names originating in the same publication.

56 Includes quadrosi da Rosa Pinto, 1959 [da Rosa Pinto, 1959 #1106]; see Clancey (1971) [Clancey, 1971 #849].

57 Forms a superspecies with C. cailliautii; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625].

58 Implicitly includes poensis Eisentraut, 1968 [Eisentraut, 1968 #1495]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

59 Includes bansoensis and wellsi; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

60 Includes barakae; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

61 Includes efulenensis and maxima Traylor, 1970 [Traylor, 1970 #3866]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622], who later considered the latter doubtfully distinct (Short, 1988) [Short, 1988 #3625]. Implicitly includes canzelae Meise, 1958 [Meise, 1958 #2649]; see Dean (2000) [Dean, 2000 #14040].

62 Includes yalensis; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

63 Implicitly includes budongoensis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

64 Includes peninsularis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

65 For correction of authorship to Vigors alone see Bruce (2003) [Bruce, 2003 #552].

66 For corrected authorship see Pittie & Dickinson (2010) [Pittie, 2010 #12619].

67 Includes raveni; see Smythies (1981) [Smythies, 1981 #31].

68 Includes girensis Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

69 For corrected authorship see Pittie & Dickinson (2010) [Pittie, 2010 #12619].

70 For recognition see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

71 Includes erithronothos; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

72 Includes aristus Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

73 For correction of authorship, not McClelland, see Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #1384].

74 Includes robinsoni and the more recent poilanei Deignan, 1950 [Deignan, 1950 #1208]; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

75 Evidence of apparent hybridization with G. grantia reported by Round et al. (2012) [Round, 2012 #14205].

76 Genus subsumed in New World Celeus by Short (1973) [Short, 1973 #3620]. Benz et al. (2006) [Benz, 2006 #9508] found this in a separate clade with Asian Meiglyptes and Dinopium and thus the genus is restored.

77 Includes kanarae Koelz, 1950 [Koelz, 1950 #2245]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

78 For recognition see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118].

79 Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] used the name squamigularis but that is a junior synonym; see Mees (1986) [Mees, 1986 #2631]. Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118] treated squamigularis as distinct from Sumatran birds; but see Wells (2007) [Wells, 2007 #10194].

80 Includes celaenephis, considered doubtfully distinct by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

81 Includes micropterus and microterus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

82 Includes azaleus and calceuticus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

83 For recognition see Fuchs et al. (2008) [Fuchs, 2008 #11221].

84 Includes dayak; see Smythies (1957) [Smythies, 1957 #3666].

85 Correct original spelling miniaceus. The spelling mineaceus in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] was an ISS.

86 Includes saba; see Smythies (1957) [Smythies, 1957 #3666].

87 Dated 1825 in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] contra Sherborn (1898) [Sherborn, 1898 #3604]; see also Dickinson (2001) [Dickinson, 2001 #1369], although erroneously omitted from Appendix III therein.

88 Not recognised by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622], but see Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749].

89 Includes archon and lylei, and more recent marianae Biswas, 1952 [Biswas, 1952 #314]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

90 Species sequence based on Fuchs et al. (2008) [Fuchs, 2008 #11221].

91 Includes continentis; see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118].

92 Includes chlorolophoides and laotianus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

93 Includes krempfi; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

94 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] dated this 1826, a typographical error.

95 Recognised by Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) [Ornithological Society of Japan, 2000 #2875].

96 Called P. myrmecophoneus Stresemann, 1920, by Deignan (1963) [Deignan, 1963 #1245] and Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332], but see Art. 11.6 (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

97 Includes eisenhoferi and connectens as well as the later eurous Deignan, 1955 [Deignan, 1955 #1227]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Also includes limitans; see Mees (1996) [Mees, 1996 #2638]. But see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118] for recognition of the isolated Langkawi population.

98 For recognition of viridanus as separate from P. vittatus see Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118]. See also Rasmussen (2000) [Rasmussen, 2000 #3218]. Habitats differ and currently breeding sympatry not proved.

99 Includes weberi; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

100 Includes perspicuus; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

101 Includes zimmermanni; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967]. Also includes biedermanni; see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

102 For recognition see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

103 Includes brunneatus Allison, 1946 [Allison, 1946 #52]; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967]. Said to include setschuanus; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187] but type locality far to the west, see Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014].

104 Includes hainanus; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187]. But see Collar (2004) [Collar, 2004 #1017].

105 Includes gyldenstolpei; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

106 Includes setschuanus; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

107 For suggested splits see Perktas et al. (2011) [Perktas, 2011 #13259].

108 Includes pluvius, frondium, saundersi, romaniae, dofleini and pronus; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

109 Recognised by Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

110 The name bampurensis given to SE Iranian birds was discounted by Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967], and this population may now be extinct (Winkler & Christie, 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

111 Indrawan et al. (2006) [Indrawan, 2006 #9897] suggested intergradation between the two forms occurs in the Togian Is.

112 Includes mayri Gilliard, 1949 [Gilliard, 1949 #1704], and parkesi Manuel, 1958 [Manuel, 1958 #6918] (corrected date, see Dickinson et al. (2011) [Dickinson, 2011 #13287]); see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

113 The name celadinus Deignan, 1955 [Deignan, 1955 #1230], applies to intergrades with the nominate form (Wells, 1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118].

114 Forms a superspecies with D. lineatus and D. schulzi; see Mayr & Short (1970) [Mayr, 1970 #2566].

115 Includes picinus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

116 Includes floridanus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

117 Includes obsoletus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

118 Includes petersi; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

119 Includes mesorhynchus, nuperus, and improcerus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

120 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] recognised fulcitus as a subspecies of D. lineatus, but Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] considered it a hybrid between D. l. erythrops and D. schulzi.

121 D. major, treated as a synonym of D. schulzi [sic] by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], is now considered to be a hybrid between this and D. lineatus.

122 Published in Ornithologische Centralblatt before the 1883 description listed by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014].

123 Includes buettikoferi; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] and van Marle & Voous (1988) [van Marle, 1988 #3920].

124 Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

125 Includes samarensis Parkes, 1960 [Parkes, 1960 #2913]; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

126 Correct original spelling. The spelling philippensis in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] was an ISS.

127 For treatment as a separate species from D. javensis see Winkler et al. (1995) [Winkler, 1995 #4247].

128 Includes pinetorum; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

129 Includes degener; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

130 Includes pieteroyensi Oren, 1993 [Oren, 1993 #2870]; overlooked by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187]. May require evaluation.

131 The correct original spelling of Oren's new taxon, of which there were multiple original spellings is pieterroyensi, see Oren in Oren & Roma (2011) [Oren, 2011 #14274].

132 Includes angustus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

133 Includes inornatus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Also includes peruvianus and tectricialis; see Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274].

134 For recognition see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

135 Perhaps best treated as conspecific with C. undatus; see Benz & Robbins (2011) [Benz, 2011 #12772].

136 Includes undulatus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

137 Original spelling amarcurensis; emended based on internal evidence.

138 For treatment as a separate species from C. flavescens see Benz & Robbins (2011) [Benz, 2011 #12772].

139 Celeus roosevelti, treated as a subspecies of C. flavescens by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], is considered a hybrid between C. elegans jumanus and C. lugubris; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #3618].

140 Taxonomic status uncertain (Benz & Robbins 2011) [Benz, 2011 #12772].

141 Includes approximans; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

142 First sufficiently described in 1867, rather than in the later work cited by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014]; for correct citation see cross-reference in our range statement.

143 Formerly treated as a separate species, including also citreopygius, but see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #3618]. See Benz & Robbins (2011) [Benz, 2011 #12772] for restoring species rank to the two groups; corroboration awaited.

144 Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] implicitly included saturatus.

145 Formerly treated as a subspecies of C. flavescens but see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #3618].

146 A nomen novum proposed to replace Celeus lugubris castaneus Olrog, 1963 [Olrog, 1963 #2825] preoccupied by Picus castaneus Wagler. For tentative recognition see Fraga & Dickinson (2008) [Fraga, 2008 #10393].

147 For treatment of this and P. callopterus as separate species from P. leucolaemus see Wetmore (1968) [Wetmore, 1968 #4151] and Stiles & Skutch (1989) [Stiles, 1989 #13786].

148 Includes allophyeus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

149 Considered to form a superspecies with P. simplex, P. callopterus and P. litae; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

150 For treatment as a separate species from P. leucolaemus, see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

151 May merit treatment as a separate species (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

152 Forms a superspecies with P. aurulentus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

153 Correct original spelling. Spelling chrysochlorus in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

154 Dated 1823 in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] contra Sherborn (1898) [Sherborn, 1898 #3604]; see also Dickinson (2001) [Dickinson, 2001 #1369].

155 Includes Chrysoptilus; composition and species sequence follows Moore et al. (2011) [Moore, 2011 #12635].

156 See Opinion 67 (I.C.Z.N., 1916) [I.C.Z.N., 1916 #6614]; the Official List of Generic Names (I.C.Z.N., 1987) [I.C.Z.N., 1987 #4674] misrepresents this Opinion and incorrectly suggests that Swainson is the author.

157 Formerly placed in monotypic genus Nesoceleus, e.g. by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], but see Short (1965, 1982) [Short, 1965 #14258] [Short, 1982 #3622].

158 For treatment of the four subspecies groups as conspecific see Short (1965, 1967) [Short, 1965 #14258] [Short, 1967 #7889]. Subspecies classification follows Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

159 Forms a superspecies with C. chrysoides; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

160 Includes sedentarius and martirensis; see Short (1965, 1982) [Short, 1965 #14258] [Short, 1982 #3622].

161 Includes pinicolus; see Short (1967) [Short, 1967 #7889].

162 Includes borealis; see Short (1965) [Short, 1965 #14258].

163 For treatment as a separate species from C. auratus see A.O.U. (1998) [A.O.U., 1998 #9].

164 This, C. punctigula, and C. atricollis formerly, e.g. by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], separated in genus Chrysoptilus, but see Moore et al. (2011) [Moore, 2011 #12635].

165 For treatment of the melanolaimus group as conspecific see Short (1972, 1982) [Short, 1972 #14259] [Short, 1982 #3622].

166 Includes flavilumbis and mariae; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259].

167 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] recognised cristatus as a subspecies, but this refers to intergrades between nattereri and nominate melanochloros; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259].

168 For recognition see Traylor (1951) [Traylor, 1951 #14260] and Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259]. Includes perplexus and patagonicus; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259].

169 For transfer from Piculus see Moore et al. (2011) [Moore, 2011 #12635].

170 Omitted by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187]. For recognition see Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477].

171 Includes cachinnans; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259].

172 Includes chrysosternus; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259].

173 For continued treatment as a subspecies of C. campestris see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259].

174 Includes proposed subspecies notata, known only from type specimen from Colombia; see Short (1972) [Short, 1972 #14259] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

175 Includes lucescens (correct original spelling, verified); see Wetmore (1968) [Wetmore, 1968 #4151] and Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Misspelled as lutescens in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] and by later authors.

176 Includes speciosus and rubidipectus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

177 For recognition see Baptista (1978) [Baptista, 1978 #14244].

178 For transfer from Piculus see Moore et al. (2011) [Moore, 2011 #12635].

179 May merit treatment as a separate species (Howell & Webb 1995) [Howell, 1995 #13863], possibly also including yucatanensis, as in Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187], but see Baptista (1978) [Baptista, 1978 #14244].

180 Includes differens, maximus, and uropygialis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

181 Includes fortirostris Mees, 1974, and poliocephalus Mees, 1974 [Mees, 1974 #2619]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

182 Includes pacificus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

183 Recognition of this and michaelis tentative. Both overlooked by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] and Restall et al. (2006) [Restall, 2006 #12477], and included in buenavistae without comments by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

184 Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

185 Mistakenly referred to as nuchalis by Hilty & Brown (1986) [Hilty, 1986 #1967].

186 The name Megapicini employed by Webb & Moore (2005) [Webb, 2005 #4093], if valid, is a junior synonym of Campephilini Blyth, 1851; see Bock (1994) [Bock, 1994 #398].

187 For placement of Campephilus with Asian genera see Webb & Moore (2005) [Webb, 2005 #4093], Benz et al. (2006) [Benz, 2006 #9508] and Fuchs et al. (2008) [Fuchs, 2008 #11221].

188 Includes parvus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

189 Includes porphyreus Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250], and pyrrhopipra Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

190 Includes Phloeoceastes; see Short (1970, 1982) [Short, 1970 #7909] [Short, 1982 #3622].

191 May merit treatment as a separate species (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

192 Includes dorsofasciatus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] but see also Hardy & Webber (1975) [Hardy, 1975 #14275].

193 Forms a superspecies with C. guatemalensis and C. gayaquilensis; see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636].

194 Includes albirostris; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] for assigning this name to intergrades between nominate melanoleucos snd cearae.

195 Formerly treated as a subspecies of C. melanoleucos but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

196 Includes major Olrog, 1958 [Olrog, 1958 #2822]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

197 Treated as a separate species by Fleischer et al. (2006) [Fleischer, 2006 #9849].

198 For proposed splits see Mees (1986, 1996) [Mees, 1986 #2631] [Mees, 1996 #2638] and Collar (2011) [Collar, 2011 #12810]. Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749] separated stricklandi. Molecular evidence needed; until then we signal Collar's splits as subspecies groups.

199 For recognition see Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749] and Collar (2011) [Collar, 2011 #12810].

200 Antedates chersonesus Kloss, 1918, which is a synonym; see Mees (1986) [Mees, 1986 #2631].

201 For recognition see Collar (2011) [Collar, 2011 #12810]; but see also Mees (1986, 1996) [Mees, 1986 #2631] [Mees, 1996 #2638].

202 Includes ramosi Gilliard, 1949 [Gilliard, 1949 #1704], and montium Salomonsen, 1952 [Salomonsen, 1952 #3450]; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361]. Also includes grandis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

203 Includes maculiceps; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

204 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] dated this 1796, a typographical error.

205 The name Dendropicini employed by Webb & Moore (2005) [Webb, 2005 #4093], is objectively invalid and gives way to Picoidini which, in context here, is a junior synonym of Melanerpini G.R. Gray, 1846; see Bock (1994) [Bock, 1994 #398].

206 Generic sequence based on Webb & Moore (2005) [Webb, 2005 #4093] and Overton & Rhoads (2006) [Overton, 2006 #10002]. For African species taxon sampling is minimal and we have drawn on Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] and on Wolters (1976) [Wolters, 1976 #4259].

207 Includes appalachiensis Ganier, 1954 [Ganier, 1954 #1651]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

208 Forms a superspecies with S. nuchalis and S. ruber. For treatment of each of these last two as separate species see Johnson & Zink (1983) [Johnson, 1983 #14253], Johnson & Johnson (1985) [Johnson, 1985 #14252], and Cicero & Johnson (1996) [Cicero, 1996 #14245].

209 For placement in this subfamily see Overton & Rhoads (2006) [Overton, 2006 #10002].

210 Includes monticola Garrido, 1971 [Garrido, 1971 #1668], and cocoensis Garrido, 1978 [Garrido, 1978 #1671]; see Kirkconnell (2000) [Kirkconnell, 2000 #2226] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

211 Includes gloriae Garrido, 1971 [Garrido, 1971 #1668], and marthae Regalado Ruiz, 1977 [Regalado Ruiz, 1977 #3229]; see Kirkconnell (2000) [Kirkconnell, 2000 #2226] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

212 Composition and species sequence derived from Benz et al. (2006) [Benz, 2006 #9508], Overton & Rhoads (2006) [Overton, 2006 #10002], and García-Trejo et al. (2009) [García-Trejo, 2009 #12061].

213 Formerly placed in monotypic genus Leuconerpes, see Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

214 Formerly placed in monotypic genus Asyndesmus; see Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

215 Includes caurinus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

216 Subspecies classification follows Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]; see also the morphological groups found by Benítez-Díaz (1993) [Benítez-Díaz, 1993 #14246].

217 Includes martirensis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

218 Includes phasma Oberholser, 1974 [Oberholser, 1974 #2808]; see Browning (1978) [Browning, 1978 #536] and Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

219 Doubtfully diagnosable from albeolus; see Howell (1972) [Howell, 1972 #14249].

220 Forms a superspecies with M. flavifrons; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

221 Includes extensus and rubrifrons; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

222 Includes rubriventris; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

223 For treatment as a separate species from M. chysauchen see Wetmore (1968) [Wetmore, 1968 #4151] and Stiles & Skutch (1989) [Stiles, 1989 #13786].

224 Includes perileucus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

225 Forms a superspecies with M. chrysauchen and M. pulcher; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

226 Formerly placed in monotypic genus Trichopicus, see Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

227 Dated from the plate and caption which appeared before the relevant text.

228 Formerly treated as conspecific with M. rubricapillus, but see Friedmann et al. (1950) [Friedmann, 1950 #10178] and Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

229 Forms a superspecies with M. pygmaeus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

230 Includes costaricensis and terricolor; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

231 Perhaps undiagnosable (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

232 Correct original spelling. Spelling hoffmanni in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

233 For treatment as a separate species from M. aurifrons see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

234 Includes morelensis R.T. Moore, 1950 [Moore, 1950 #2721]; see Short, 1982 [Short, 1982 #3622] but see also Hardy & Webber (1975) [Hardy, 1975 #14275].

235 For treatment as a separate species from M. hypopolius see Selander & Giller (1963) [Selander, 1963 #14257].

236 Includes albescens, tiburonensis and sulfuriventer; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Also includes fuscescens; see Edwards & Schnell (2000) [Edwards, 2000 #14247] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

237 Correct original spelling. The footnoted spelling nyaneus in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] was a lapsus.

238 Includes bahamensis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

239 Includess florentinoi Garrido, 1966 [Garrido, 1966 #1665], and sanfelipensis Garrido, 1973 [Garrido, 1973 #1670]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

240 Formerly treated as a separate species, e.g. by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], but see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

241 Includes zebra and perplexus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Also includes harpaceus Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2251]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

242 The two subspecies groups probably represent separate species; see García-Trejo et al. (2009) [García-Trejo, 2009 #12061]. Subspecies classification and distribution follows Husak & Maxwell (1998) [Husak, 1998 #14250].

243 Includes incanescens; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622], but see also Wetmore (1948) [Wetmore, 1948 #14261].

244 May be more closely related to M. carolinus than to santacruzi group; see García-Trejo et al. (2009) [García-Trejo, 2009 #12061].

245 For recognition see Parkes (1990) [Parkes, 1990 #14255], but see also Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] and García-Trejo et al. (2009) [García-Trejo, 2009 #12061].

246 Recognised by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

247 Includes frontalis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

248 May represent intergradation between nominate aurifrons and dubius; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

249 Forms a superspecies with D. fuscescens; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625].

250 Correct original spelling. Spelling lafresnayei in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

251 Includes camerunensis; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

252 Includes cosensi; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

253 Includes chyulu; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

254 Includes loandae, see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625], and capriviensis, camacupae and transvaalensis, see Tarboton in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

255 For recognition see Dowsett et al. (2008) [Dowsett, 2008 #12725].

256 Includes natalensis, noomei and xylobates Clancey, 1980 [Clancey, 1980 #905]; see Tarboton in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

257 Includes harei and orangensis; see Tarboton in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

258 For placement here see Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) [Dowsett, 1993 #1417]. But see also Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

259 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] treated these three species in Thripias overlooking the precedence of Chloropicus.

260 Includes saturatus; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

261 Includes decipiens; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

262 Forms a superspecies with C. xantholophus; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625].

263 Includes Polipicus Cassin, 1863; subsumed here based on precedence of Mesopicos Malherbe, 1849; not noticed by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014].

264 Includes sordidatus and schultzei; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191]. Implicitly includes kupeensis Serle, 1952 [Serle, 1952 #3573]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

265 Includes gabela Rand & Taylor, 1959 [Rand, 1959 #3194], not recognised by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

266 Forms a superspecies with M. griseocephalus; see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #3625].

267 For recognition, see Prigogine & Louette (1983) [Prigogine, 1983 #3147]. Includes oreites and agmen; see White (1965) [White, 1965 #4191].

268 This form and next treated as a species M. spodocephalus by Prigogine & Louette (1983) [Prigogine, 1983 #3147] and by Winkler et al. (1995) [Winkler, 1995 #4247]. But see Short (1988) [Short, 1988 #4437] and Dowsett & Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) [Dowsett, 1993 #1417].

269 Includes aureovirens Clancey, 1975 [Clancey, 1975 #872]; see Tarboton in Hockey et al. (2005) [Hockey, 2005 #12724].

270 For recognition see Dowsett et al. (2008) [Dowsett, 2008 #12725].

271 For recognition of this genus see Wolters (1976) [Wolters, 1976 #4259].

272 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] listed this in Dendrocopos; for placement in Dendropicos see Goodwin (1968) [Goodwin, 1968 #1735]. Here we follow Wolters (1976) [Wolters, 1976 #4259].

273 Includes nigricans; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

274 Reportedly paraphyletic; see Fuchs et al. (2007) [Fuchs, 2007 #9862]. Revision deferred as only 50% of the species have had their DNA reported upon.

275 Includes igorotus Salomonsen, 1953 [Salomonsen, 1953 #3451]; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361].

276 Date unchanged, but citation link provided, after range statement, as Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] cited a later work (more correctly dated 1852); see Dickinson (2004) [Dickinson, 2004 #1389].

277 Includes menagei; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

278 Includes apo; see Dickinson et al. (1991) [Dickinson, 1991 #1361]. Also includes leytensis; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

279 Recognition at species rank recommended by Collar et al. (1999) [Collar, 1999 #8918]; but see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

280 Includes siasiensis; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

281 Split by Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) [Rasmussen, 2005 #4749]. We retain one species following Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622], and Wells (1999) [Wells, 1999 #4118], but disjunct ranges support split and we signal the subspecies groups.

282 For recognition see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

283 Correct original spelling. Spelling gymnophthalmus in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

284 Includes excelsior; see White & Bruce (1986) [White, 1986 #4194].

285 Ranges based on Orn. Soc. Japan. (2000) [Ornithological Society of Japan, 2000 #2875], but nomenclature for the populations of Hokkaido and Honshu reflect lectotypification in Dickinson et al. (2001) [Dickinson, 2001 #1375]. Names thus revert to usage in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014]. See Appendix 2.6.

286 A subspecies named kawikowchiensis Kiyosu, 1954 [Kiyosu, 1954 #12475] seems to have been considered, by the Ornithological Society of Japan, to have not satisfied Art. 8.1.1 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

287 Includes ijimae; see Dickinson et al. (2001) [Dickinson, 2001 #1375].

288 Placement in nippon as in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] may be justified but was not discussed by Dickinson et al. (2001) [Dickinson, 2001 #1375]. Pending confirmation of this we restore wilderi recognised by Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967] and Cheng (1987) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1987 #739].

289 Includes acutirostris; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967], who mistakenly used the name seebohmi for the population of central Japan (Dickinson et al. 2001) [Dickinson, 2001 #1375].

290 Subspecies recognition for China follows Cheng (1987) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1987 #739].

291 Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

292 Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

293 Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

294 Includes wattersi; see Cheng (1987) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1987 #739]; also includes tonkinensis and nagamichii; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

295 Correct original spelling. Spelling mitchelli in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

296 Includes gigantisculus Koelz, 1952 [Koelz, 1952 #2248]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

297 Includes mongolicus; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

298 For recognition see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

299 Includes nojidoensis, see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967]; also includes kemaensis Won, 1962 [Won, 1962 #4267], see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

300 Includes jordansi; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

301 Includes serbicus, wagneri and hispaniae as well as heinrichi von Jordans, 1940 [von Jordans, 1940 #4049]; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967]. Heinrichi was a junior homonym now replaced by gerdi Dickinson, Frahnert & Roselaar, 2009 nom. nov. [Dickinson, 2009 #12097].

302 Treated in the monotypic genus Sapheopipo by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014]. Molecular evidence (Winkler et al., 2005) [Winkler, 2005 #10119] placed this in Dendrocopos.

303 Correct original spelling. Spelling westermanni in Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533] an ISS.

304 Includes humei Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

305 Includes montis; see Mees (1996) [Mees, 1996 #2638].

306 Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

307 For recognition see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332], who placed conoveri Rand & Fleming, 1956 [Rand, 1956 #3193], in the synonymy of this. Not recognised by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

308 Includes aurocristatus, and koelzi Biswas, 1951 [Biswas, 1951 #311]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332], who synonymised pallescens but recognised blanfordi.

309 Includes cruentipectus Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

310 Includes fumidus Ripley, 1951 [Ripley, 1951 #3301] and diatropus Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332].

311 For recognition see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

312 Includes splendidior and lilianae; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

313 Includes laubmanni; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

314 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

315 Subspecies classification follows Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

316 Includes sinicus, ussuriensis, saghalinensis and voznesenskii; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

317 For a comparison of these two highly disjunct but supposedly indistinguishable populations see Grangé & Vuilleumier (2009) [Grangé, 2009 #13398].

318 Dual original spellings; selection made in Errata in the same volume (David et al., 2009) [David, 2009 #11541].

319 Includes balcanicus; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

320 Includes leptorhynchus, albipennis, korejevi, jaxartensis and the later spangenbergi Gladkov, 1951 [Gladkov, 1951 #1712]; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967]. But see Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721].

321 Subspecies classification follows Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967] except as noted.

322 Includes tianshanicus, a name used by Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967], Cheng (1987) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1987 #739] and Stepanyan (1990) [Stepanyan, 1990 #3721] despite Opinion 402 (I.C.Z.N., 1956) [I.C.Z.N., 1956 #9622].

323 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

324 Includes lynesi; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

325 For recognition see Cramp et al. (1985) [Cramp, 1985 #1086].

326 If treated in the genus Picoides this must be called kitsutsuki Hachisuka, 1952 [Hachisuka, 1952 #1861], as tenuirostris is preoccupied in Picoides.

327 Includes tscherskii and hondoensis; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

328 Tentatively recognised. Multiple original spellings; we treat Cheng (1976) [Cheng Tso-hsin, 1976 #733] as First Reviser under Art. 24.2 of the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) [I.C.Z.N., 1999 #2059].

329 Seen as a sapsucker and treated in a monotypic genus Hypopicus by Zusi & Marshall (1970) [Zusi, 1970 #4340] and others, but restored to Dendrocopos by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187]; since corroborated by Benz et al. (2006) [Benz, 2006 #9508].

330 Includes haemorrhous Koelz, 1952 [Koelz, 1952 #2248] and henoticus Koelz, 1954 [Koelz, 1954 #2250]; see Ripley (1982) [Ripley, 1982 #3332]. Also includes heinrichi Stresemann, 1940 [Stresemann, 1940 #5484]; see Dickinson et al. (2009) [Dickinson, 2009 #12097].

331 Forms a superspecies with P. nuttallii; see Short (1968, 1982) [Short, 1968 #7895] [Short, 1982 #3622].

332 Includes symplectus, centrophilus, giraudi, mohavensis, and yumanensis; see Short (1968, 1982) [Short, 1968 #7895] [Short, 1982 #3622].

333 Mistakenly attributed to Baird by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014].

334 For continued recognition see Browning (1990) [Browning, 1990 #539], but see also Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. Overlooked by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

335 Includes azelus and lambi A.R. Phillips, 1966 [Phillips, 1966 #3066]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

336 Includes ridgwayi and percus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

337 Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] dated this 1845; for earlier source follow cross-reference in range statement.

338 Subspecies classification follows Browning (1997) [Browning, 1997 #549].

339 Includes nelsoni, and by implication, microleucus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

340 For recogntion see Browning (1997) [Browning, 1997 #549]. Not mentioned by Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

341 Includes parvirostris Burleigh, 1961 [Burleigh, 1961 #581]; see Browning (1990) [Browning, 1990 #539].

342 Subspecies classification follows Jackson et al. (2002) [Jackson, 2002 #14251]; but see also Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

343 Includes sitkensis; see Jackson et al. (2002) [Jackson, 2002 #14251].

344 Includes scrippsae; see Short & Crossin (1967) [Short, 1967 #7896].

345 Includes parvulus and fumeus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622] and Jackson et al. (2002) [Jackson, 2002 #14251].

346 For treatment as a separate species from P. stricklandi see Ligon (1968) [Ligon, 1968 #14254] and Johnson et al. (1999) [Johnson, 1999 #2134]; but see also Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

347 Includes websteri A.R. Phillips, 1962 [Phillips, 1962 #3061]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

348 Includes aztecus Moore, 1946 [Moore, 1946 #2716]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622], but see also Hardy & Webber (1975) [Hardy, 1975 #14275].

349 Includes hylonomus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

350 Recognition of subspecies follows Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

351 Includes sakhalinensis; see Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

352 Recognised by Orn. Soc. Japan (2000) [Ornithological Society of Japan, 2000 #2875]; but see also Vaurie (1965) [Vaurie, 1965 #3967].

353 For treatment as a separate species from P. tridactylus see Zink et al. (2002) [Zink, 2002 #4334] and Banks et al. (2003) [Banks, 2003 #202].

354 For transfer from Veniliornis see Moore et al. (2006) [Moore, 2006 #9978].

355 Perhaps undiagnosable (Phelps, 1972) [Phelps, 1972 #14256]. Includes tectricialis [sic]; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

356 Includes exsul; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

357 This and berlepschi may be based on specimens from zones of intergradation; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

358 Forms a superspecies with V. mixtus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

359 Misdated 1783 in Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014], a lapsus.

360 Forms a superspecies with V. frontalis; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

361 Includes saturatus; see Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

362 The name transfluvialis refers to intergradation between this and olivinus; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

363 Includes abdominalis Phelps & Phelps, Jr., 1956 [Phelps, 1956 #3042]; see Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622].

364 Incorrect authorship given by Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].

365 Perhaps undiagnosable (Winkler & Christie 2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].

366 Incorrect authorship used by Dickinson (2003) [Dickinson, 2003 #9533].

367 Includes caquetanus Meyer de Schauensee, 1949 [Meyer de Schauensee, 1949 #2669]; see Short (1974) [Short, 1974 #3621].

368 Treated as a subspecies of V. cassini by Peters (1948) [Peters, 1948 #3014] and of V. affinis by Short (1982) [Short, 1982 #3622]. For treatment as a separate species see Sibley & Monroe (1990) [Sibley, 1990 #3636], Winkler et al. (1995) [Winkler, 1995 #4247], Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) [Ridgely, 2001 #3274], and Winkler & Christie (2002) [Winkler, 2002 #12187].